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. 2023 Nov 8;17:1308972. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1308972

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Copyright © 2023 Morisaki, Ohshima, Suzuki and Misawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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mRNA expression of immune checkpoint molecules in activated microglia. BV2 microglia cells were treated for 24 h with indicated stimulants, after which each mRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. (A) mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory activation markers. (B) Immune checkpoint molecule mRNA expression in activated microglia. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test; ****p < 0.0001. Error bars represent SEM.