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. 2023 Nov 21;13:20397. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47582-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sample-to-answer testing with HPV-negative and HPV-positive cells. (a) C33A (HPV-negative), SiHa (HPV16-positive), HeLa (HPV18-positive), or MS751 (HPV45-positive) cells at the indicated concentrations were processed with a point-of-care compatible ACP-based sample preparation protocol, and the resultant lysates were amplified on NATflow instrumentation and detected in the integrated NATflow cartridge. Replicate cartridge images are shown (n = 3), with the highlighted cartridge image indicating an invalid test due to lack of fluid flow down the lateral flow strip. (b) Mean ± standard deviation of the peak test line signal intensity, as determined by the AX-2X-S lateral flow reader of the replicates shown in (a). Circles represent individual replicates, and circles beneath the x-axis indicate expected 16 or 18/45 positivity. All cellular lysates generated strong visible signal at the target HPV test line above the positivity threshold (dashed line) and had clean signals at the off-target test lines. C33A resulted in no signal generation at either the HPV16 or the HPV18/45 test line.