Table 3.

Multi-level binary logistic regression of factors associated with anemia among pregnant and non-pregnant women in LMICs, DHS 2010–2021.

Variables	Category	Pregnant mothers	Non-pregnant women
		AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Age (years)	15–24	1	1
	25–34	0.88 (0.87, 0.97)**	0.97 (0.95, 1.01)
	35–49	0.77 (0.72, 0.82)**	0.98 (0.97, 1.03)
Education status	Not educated	1.75 (1.63, 1.89)**	1.23 (1.20, 1.25)**
	Primary	1.19 (1.11, 1.28)**	0.99 (0.98, 1.02)
	Secondary	1.29 (1.21, 1.37)**	1.12 (1.11, 1.14)**
	Higher	1	1
Wealth status	Poorest	1.32 (1.23, 1.41)**	1.23 (1.19, 1.24)**
	Poorer	1.17 (1.09, 1.25)**	1.13 (1.10, 1.15)**
	Middle	1.10 (1.03, 1.18)**	1.11 (1.09, 1.26)**
	Richer	1.12 (1.05, 1.19)**	1.06 (1.04, 1.07)**
	Richest	1	1
Family size	≤ 5	1	1
	5–10	1.05 (1.06, 1.15)**	1.07 (1.06, 1.08)**
	> 10	1.26 (1.17, 1.35)**	1.24 (1.21, 1.27)**
Media exposure	Yes	1	1
	No	1.08 (1.04, 1.13)**	1.09 (1.06, 1.10)**
Sex of household head	Male	1	1
	Female	1.06 (0.99, 1.11)	0.98 (0.97, 1.02)
Residence	Urban	1	1
	Rural	1.08 (1.03, 1.13)*	1.08 (1.06, 1.09)*
Accessing health care	Not big problem	1	1
	Big problem	1.01 (0.98, 1.05)	1.01 (0.99, 1.02)
Termination of pregnancy	No	1	1
	Yes	1.03 (0.98, 1.05)	1.06 (1.05, 1.08)*
Covered by health insurance	Yes	1	1
	No	1.07 (1.01, 1.12)*	1.02 (0.98, 1.04)
Type of source of drinking water	Improved	1	1
	Unimproved	0.97 (0.93, 1.01)	1.22 (1.20, 1.25)**
Smoking	No	1	1
	Yes	0.85 (0.67, 1.08)	0.89 (0.84, 0.95)**
Type of toilet facility	Improved	1	1
	Unimproved	1.02 (0.98, 1.05)	0.99 (0.97, 1.01)
Contraceptive use	Yes		1
	No		1.15 (1.14, 1.17)**
Parity	Nulliparous		1
	Primiparous		0.99 (0.97, 1.01)
	Multiparous		1.07 (1.05, 1.09)**
	Grand multiparous		1.07 (1.04, 1.09)**

**p-value < 0.001, *p-value < 0.05.