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. 2023 Nov 22;8:434. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — An inverted Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio in the peripheral blood of various solid tumor patients, including those with liver, lung, breast, pancreatic, kidney, and other types of cancer. a In healthy populations, the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio is usually less than 1. However, in cancer patients, including those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this ratio is reversed, and it becomes far greater than 1 according to our previous work.^243,748 b A hypothetic sketch suggests that the normal Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio is skewed by the burden of transformation and the challenges posed by the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in a disordered ratio. Available therapy approaches provide alternatives for re-modulating the TME to achieve the normalization of the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio and subsequently immune function