Figure 3.

Cumulative risk of BP incidence for smoking-related exposures in all, male and female participants. We adjusted models investigating the cumulative risk of BP incidence for smoking-related exposures in all participants for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, educational level, Townsend Deprivation Index, and sedentary behavior, and those investigating the cumulative risk of BP incidence for smoking-related exposures in male and female participants for age, ethnicity, BMI, educational level, Townsend Deprivation Index, and sedentary behavior. Panels A-C show the cumulative back pain risk in different smoking-related exposures categories (smoking status, cigarettes per and pack-years) during a 6000-day (16.44 years) follow-up among all participants. Panels D-F and G-I show the outcomes of further subgroup analysis among male and female participants, respectively.