Table 1.
Demographics and adjusted regression estimates for stigma towards methamphetamine use among US adults in 2021 (n = 6,515).
| Variable | % | β | Std. Error | 95 % Wald Confidence Interval Lower/Upper | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 3.40 | 0.06 | 3.29 | 3.51 | 0.00 | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 60+ | 31.1 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.00 |
| 45–59 | 24.2 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.00 |
| 30–44 | 26.0 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.00 |
| 18–29 (REF) | 18.7 | . | . | . | . | . |
| Race/Ethnicity* | ||||||
| Asian, 2+, other | 8.5 | −0.07 | 0.04 | −0.14 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Hispanic | 16.6 | 0.06 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.13 | 0.07 |
| White | 62.8 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.91 |
| Black (REF) | 12.1 | . | . | . | . | . |
| Education | ||||||
| Post grad study/professional degree | 15.2 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.35 |
| Bachelor's degree | 20.8 | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
| Vocational/tech school/some college/ associates | 27.7 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.50 |
| HS graduate or equivalent | 27.3 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.94 |
| Less than HS (REF) | 9.1. | . | . | . | . | . |
| Household Income | ||||||
| $100,000 or more | 24.0 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.001 |
| $60,000 to under $100,000 | 23.6 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.25 |
| $30,000 to under $60,000 | 26.0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.75 |
| Less than $30,000 (REF) | 26.5 | . | . | . | . | . |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Living with partner | 6.1 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Never married | 28.6 | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.11 | −0.01 | 0.02 |
| Separated | 4.4 | −0.13 | 0.04 | −0.22 | −0.04 | 0.003 |
| Divorced | 10.3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.31 |
| Widowed | 3.5 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.17 | 0.21 |
| Married (REF) | 47.0 | . | . | . | . | . |
| Political Party Affiliation | ||||||
| Republican | 24.5 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.001 |
| Lean Republican | 9.7 | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| Don't Lean/Independent/None | 19.2 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.88 |
| Lean Democrat | 12.1 | −0.06 | 0.03 | −0.11 | 0.002 | 0.06 |
| Democrat (REF) | 34.5 | . | . | . | . | . |
| Biological sex at birth | ||||||
| Yes, respondent is female | 53 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.15 |
| Lifetime use of meth | ||||||
| Yes, used Methamphetamines, amphetamines or other forms of speed | 11.2 | −0.30 | 0.03 | −0.36 | −0.25 | 0.00 |
| CJI history | ||||||
| Yes, criminal justice involvement history | 14.8 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.98 |
| Colorblindness/discrimination | ||||||
| CoBRAS_Scale | 2.88 (1.04)** | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
CJI = Criminal justice or incarceration, CoBRAS = Color-Blind Racial Attitudes, β = beta coefficient yielded from linear regression with continuous outcome of stigma towards meth use disorder. *For “Race/Ethnicity” participants were provided a question about ethnicity and race and were allowed to self-identify with the group they most identified with. Study took place between October-November 2021 with survey evenly distributed throughout the United States of America. **Result reported as mean score with standard deviation in parentheses.