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. 2023 Nov 7;14:1244272. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244272

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Workflow of Mendelian randomization study revealing causality between gut microbiota abundance and risk of nicotine dependence. SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; IVW, inverse variance weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO, MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier.