Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Forest plot of multivariable Mendelian randomization. Causal effects of IVW methods with nicotine dependence and four smoking related phenotypes as exposure while gut microbiota abundance as outcome. Effect estimates are expressed as effect size (BETA) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
