Table 2.
Characteristics of study included
| Study(year) | Country | Title | Methodology | N | Population | Measurement tool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gregg [14] (2002) | United States | Designing a Curriculum on Internet Health Resources for Deaf High School Students | Survey (qualitative) | 22 | Deaf high school students | Questionnaire to investigate the level of Internet skills |
| Steinberg [15] (2006) | United States | Health Care System Accessibility: Experiences and Perceptions of Deaf People | Focus group (qualitative) | 91 | 91 adults with hearing disabilities (aged 24–83 years) who predominantly communicate in American Sign Language | None |
| Groce [16] (2006) | Swaziland | HIV/AIDS and Disability: A Pilot Survey of HIV/AIDS Knowledge Among a Deaf Population in Swaziland | Survey (quantitative) | 191 | 91 hearing impaired and 100 hearing adults | Questionnaire related to HIV/AIDS |
| Groce [17] (2007) | Nigeria | HIV/AIDS and Disability: Differences in HIV/AIDS Knowledge Between Deaf and Hearing People in Nigeria | Survey (quantitative) | 100 | 50 teenagers with hearing impairment and 50 hearing adults | Questionnaire related to HIV/AIDS |
| Choe [18] (2009) | United States | The Impact of Cervical Cancer Education for Deaf Women Using a Video Educational Tool Employing American Sign Language, Open Captioning, and Graphics | Survey (quantitative) | 130 | Women with hearing impairment (aged 19–93) | Questionnaire related to cervical cancer |
| Pollard [19] (2009) | United States | Health-Related Vocabulary Knowledge Among Deaf Adults | Survey (quantitative) | 57 | People with hearing loss (aged 21–67 years) participated, with 27 women and 29 men | REALM |
| Hoang [20] (2011) | United States | Assessing Deaf Cultural Competency of Physicians and Medical Students | Survey (qualitative) | 1445 | 640 non-DCT students, 25 DCT students, and 780 medical school instructors | Questionnaires related to deaf culture and clinical dilemmas of deaf people |
| Convery [21] (2011) | Australia | Management of Hearing Aid Assembly by Urban-Dwelling Hearing-Impaired Adults in a Developed Country: Implications for a Self-Fitting Hearing Aid | Survey (quantitative) | 80 | 80 participants aged 45–90 years with hearing impairment | S-TOFHLA |
| Maddalena [22] (2012) | Canada | Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Newfoundland’s Deaf Community | Interview (qualitative) | 7 | Members of the Deaf community, residents of the Northeast Avalon Region, and the caregiver of a deceased person with disabilities (aged 40–65 years) | None |
| Yao [23] (2012) | United States | Cervical Cancer Control: Deaf and Hearing Women’s Response to an Educational Video | Survey (quantitative) | 133 | 127 hearing loss women (aged 19–93 years) and 106 hearing women (aged 18–85 years) | Questionnaire related to cervical cancer |
| Berman [24] (2013) | United States | Breast Cancer Knowledge and Practices Among Deaf Women | Interview (quantitative) | 209 | 209 hearing loss women (aged 40 years and up) with poor levels of education | Selected questions from questionnaires previously applied to people with hearing impairment and from a standard survey instrument, as well as from a pool of items used in other cancer prevention and control studies in low-literacy, cultural, and linguistic populations |
| Jensen [25] (2013) | United States | Ovarian Cancer: Deaf and Hearing Women’s Knowledge Before and After an Educational Video | Survey (quantitative) | 107 | 55 hearing loss women (aged 18 years and up) and 52 hearing women (aged 18 years and up) | Questionnaire related to ovarian cancer |
| Convery [26] (2013) | South Africa, China | Hearing-aid Assembly Management Among Adults from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds: Toward the Feasibility of Self-Fitting Hearing Aids | Survey (quantitative) | 80 | 40 hearing-impaired South Africans and 40 Chinese individuals (aged 32–92 years) | S-TOFHLA |
| Mckee [27] (2015) | United States | Assessing Health Literacy in Deaf American Sign Language Users | Interview (quantitative) | 405 | 166 adults with hearing loss (aged 40–70 years) and 239 hearing people (aged 40–70 years) | Transform the New Vital Sign (NVS) tool into a sign language interface |
| Ferguson [28] (2015) | United States | Communication Needs of Patients with Altered Hearing Ability: Informing Pharmacists’ Patient Care Services Through Focus Groups | Focus group (qualitative) | 20 | Patients with hearing loss (aged 18 years and up) using American Sign Language who have more than two long-term prescription medications | None |
| Smith [29] (2015) | United States | Deaf Adolescents’ Learning of Cardiovascular Health Information: Sources and Access Challenges | Interview (qualitative) | 20 | Teenagers with hearing impairment using sign language (aged 9–12 years) from Rochester, New York | None |
| Kushalnagar [30] (2015) | United States | Health Websites: Accessibility and Usability for American Sign Language Users | Survey (quantitative) | 32 | Students with hearing impairment (aged 18 years and older) who know ASL | S-TOFHLA |
| Smith [31] (2016) | United States | Dimensions of Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing and Hearing Adolescents’ Health Literacy and Health Knowledge | Survey (quantitative) | 281 | 187 D/HH and 94 hearing college-bound high school students |
HLSI-SF S-TOFHLA CHDKQ |
| Haricharan [32] (2017) | South Africa | Health Promotion via SMS Improves Hypertension Knowledge for Deaf South Africans | Focus group (quantitative) | 41 | People with hearing disabilities in Cape Town (aged 18 years and up) | 30 objective questionnaires to measure the effectiveness of SMS campaigns |
| Palmer [33] (2017) | United States | Bilingual Approach to Online Cancer Genetics Education for Deaf American Sign Language users Produces Greater Knowledge and Confidence than English Text Only: A Randomized Study | Survey (quantitative) | 150 | ASL users with hearing impairment (aged 18 years and up) with computer and internet access took part | Added items to the existing cancer genetics knowledge questionnaire |
| Kushalnagar [34] (2017) | United States | Critical Health Literacy in American Deaf College Students | Survey (quantitative) | 38 | Undergraduate students with hearing loss who use ASL (aged 22–38 years) | S-TOFHLA |
| Pinilla [35] (2019) | Germany | Primary Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Communication Barriers of Deaf Sign Language Users: A Qualitative Study | Interview (qualitative) | 15 | Two had a history of diabetes, whereas 13 did not. All were members of the deaf community located in Germany | None |
| Stevens [36] (2019) | United States | Communication and Healthcare: Self-Reports of People with Hearing Loss in Primary Care Settings | Survey (quantitative) | 1581 | The survey information was distributed to the Hearing Loss Association of America email listserv; 1,682 people visited the survey link and 1,581 people responded | Survey questions developed by subject matter experts in hearing health |
| Gur [37] (2020) | Turkey | Health Literacy of Hearing-Impaired Adolescents, Barriers, and Misunderstandings they Encounter, and their Expectations | Survey (quantitative) | 88 | Students enrolling in a deaf or hard of hearing (D/HoH) vocational high school (aged 15–18 years) | TSY-32 based on HLS-EU |
| Tolisano [38] (2020) | United States | Can You Hear Me Now? The Impact of Hearing Loss on Patient Health Literacy | Survey (quantitative) | 300 | Adult patients (aged 18 years and up) | BHLS |
| Wells [39] (2020) | United States | Limited Health Literacy and Hearing Loss Among Older Adults | Telephone survey (quantitative) | 19,223 | Adults (aged 65 years and up) | The following question was used to test health literacy: “How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?” |
| Willink [40] (2020) | United States | Understanding Medicare: Hearing Loss and Health Literacy | Survey (quantitative) | 10,510 | With survey weights applied, the studied Medicare beneficiaries represented 50,084,169 beneficiaries | 8 questions about health literacy |
| Almusawi [41] (2021) | Kuwait, Saudi Arabia | Disparities in Health Literacy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Between the Hearing and Deaf Communities | Survey (quantitative) | 110 | 40 individuals with hearing impairment and 70 hearing adults | Questionnaire developed in relation to COVID-19 |
| Tran [42] (2021) | United States | Health Literacy and Hearing Healthcare Use | Survey (quantitative) | 1376 | Between August 2018 and October 2019; adult patients (aged 18 years and older) who received hearing testing and finished a health literacy survey | BHLS |