Fig. 8. (a) Schematic illustration of the possible ORR pathways. Reproduced with permission.¹⁰⁹ Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (b) The polarization curve of Pt₃₄Fe₅Ni₂₀Cu₃₂Mo₉Ru. Reproduced with permission.⁶⁸ Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. (c) Atomic configuration of the four fundamental steps of the ORR. (d) Gibbs free energy change diagrams at 0 V and 1.23 V. (e) D-band spectra. Reproduced with permission.¹⁰⁴ Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd. (f and g) The possible reaction roadmap of CO₂. Reproduced with permission.¹¹¹ Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. (g) The catalytic reaction diagram of AuAgPtPdCu. (h) Structure diagram of AuAgPtPdCu. (i) Free-energy diagram of the CO₂RR on the AuAgPtPdCu surface. Reproduced with permission.¹⁹ Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.