Table 3.
Meta-analytic results for associations of co-occurring substance use disorder with MOUD treatment continuity.
| |
|
Measures of state-to-state variability |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global OR (95 % CI) |
Cochran's Q test p-value |
I 2 | 90 % prediction interval of OR |
|
| OUD-only | 1 [Ref] | |||
| OUD + alcohol | 0.66 (0.51–0.87) |
<0.001 | 95.5 | 0.44–1.02 |
| OUD + cannabis | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) |
<0.001 | 86.7 | 0.68–1.12 |
| OUD + cocaine | 0.57 (0.54–0.59) |
0.664 | 26.7 | 0.53–0.60 |
| OUD + amphetamine | 0.60 (0.35–1.02) |
<0.001 | 98.0 | 0.25–1.42 |
| OUD + other psychoactive substance | 0.73 (0.60–0.88) | <0.001 | 94.1 | 0.54–0.99 |
| OUD + other | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) |
<0.001 | 94.4 | 0.65–1.52 |
| Age group | ||||
| 12–20 | 0.33 (0.17–0.64) |
0.037 | 77.7 | 0.12–0.90 |
| 21–34 | 0.51 (0.39–0.67) |
<0.001 | 88.3 | 0.34–0.78 |
| 35–44 | 0.68 (0.55–0.83) |
<0.001 | 78.8 | 0.50–0.92 |
| 45–54 | 0.82 (0.73–0.91) |
0.183 | 41.5 | 0.71–0.94 |
| 55–64 | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Male | 0.88 (0.85–0.92) |
0.458 | 24.2 | 0.84–0.92 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) |
0.007 | 90.7 | 0.45–0.94 |
| Hispanic | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) |
0.274 | 86.5 | 0.44–1.52 |
| Other | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) |
0.295 | 37.8 | 0.81–1.03 |
| Eligibility | ||||
| Non-disabled adults | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Expansion adults | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) |
0.022 | 68.9 | 0.68–0.89 |
| Pregnant women | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) |
0.022 | 62.8 | 0.89–1.37 |
| Children | 0.61 (0.59–1.14) |
0.069 | 70.4 | 0.25–1.51 |
| Disabled adults | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) |
0.018 | 77.8 | 0.70–1.14 |
| Living area | ||||
| Urban | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Rural | 1.03 (0.76–1.40) |
<0.001 | 96.9 | 0.63–1.70 |
| Other comorbidities | ||||
| Anxiety disorder | 1.04 (0.94–1.17) |
<0.001 | 82.7 | 0.88–1.23 |
| Mood disorder | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) |
0.001 | 79.4 | 0.79–1.06 |
| Schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders | 0.87 (0.77–1.00) | 0.055 | 62.9 | 0.73–1.05 |
| PTSD | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) |
0.167 | 71.7 | 0.83–1.21 |
| HCV | 0.98 (0.87–1.12) |
<0.001 | 85.7 | 0.81–1.20 |
| Soft skin tissue infections | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | 0.01 | 69.2 | 0.70–0.91 |
| Other injection-Related Complicationsa | 0.74 (0.68–0.81) | 0.808 | 7.3 | 0.68–0.81 |
| Length of follow-up (months)b | 1.21 (1.16–1.27) | <0.001 | 98.7 | 1.12–1.30 |
Notes: N = 160,557. Number of individuals with continuous MOUD is 89,489 (55.7 %). MOUD = medication treatment for opioid use disorder. OUD = opioid use disorder. OR = odds ratio. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder. HCV = hepatitis C virus.
a
Other injection-related complications include intracranial and intraspinal abscess, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis; which were combined due to small cell sizes.
b
Length of follow-up is defined as the number of months between the index MOUD date and the end of the follow-up period (ranging from 6 to 18 months).