Table 4.
Meta-Analytic results for associations of co-occurring substance use disorder with behavioral health counseling and MOUD.
| |
|
Measures of state-to-state variability |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global OR (95 % CI) |
Cochran's Q test p-value |
I 2 | 90 % prediction interval of OR |
|
| OUD-only | 1 [Ref] | |||
| OUD + alcohol | 1.54 (0.93–2.54) |
<0.001 | 97 | 0.68–3.48 |
| OUD + cannabis | 1.46 (0.89–2.38) |
<0.001 | 96.8 | 0.66–3.24 |
| OUD + cocaine | 1.46 (0.83–2.57) |
<0.001 | 97.5 | 0.58–3.67 |
| OUD + amphetamine | 1.28 (0.63–2.58) |
<0.001 | 97.3 | 0.41–4.00 |
| OUD + other psychoactive substance | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) |
<0.001 | 96.6 | 0.63–1.84 |
| OUD + other | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) |
<0.001 | 89.1 | 0.78–1.85 |
| Age group | ||||
| 12–20 | 1.27 (0.71–2.26) |
0.153 | 57.3 | 0.57–2.84 |
| 21–34 | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) |
0.006 | 70.8 | 0.83–1.48 |
| 35–44 | 1.02 (0.80–1.29) |
<0.001 | 77.9 | 0.72–1.45 |
| 45–54 | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) |
0.017 | 64.6 | 0.77–1.30 |
| 55–64 | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Male | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) |
<0.001 | 78.8 | 0.88–1.23 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.02 (0.60–1.72) |
<0.001 | 96.9 | 0.44–2.35 |
| Hispanic | 1.31 (1.13–1.51) |
0.776 | 38.7 | 0.99–1.72 |
| Other | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) |
0.034 | 61.6 | 0.77–1.20 |
| Eligibility | ||||
| Non-disabled adults | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Expansion adults | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) |
<0.001 | 95.9 | 0.74–1.95 |
| Pregnant women | 0.97 (0.81–1.18) |
0.025 | 63.4 | 0.75–1.27 |
| Children | 0.96 (0.38–2.39) |
0.009 | 78.5 | 0.24–3.76 |
| Disabled adults | 1.08 (0.72–1.62) |
<0.001 | 94.9 | 0.56–2.07 |
| Living area | ||||
| Urban | 1 [Ref] | |||
| Rural | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) |
<0.001 | 97 | 0.49–1.57 |
| Other comorbidities | ||||
| Anxiety disorder | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) |
<0.001 | 97.7 | 0.63–2.06 |
| Mood disorder | 1.56 (1.35–1.79) |
<0.001 | 85.1 | 1.25–1.93 |
| Schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders | 1.01 (0.61–1.66) |
<0.001 | 93.2 | 0.46–2.24 |
| PTSD | 1.75 (1.42–2.16) |
0.02 | 70 | 1.30–2.37 |
| HCV | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) |
0.002 | 79.4 | 1.00–1.54 |
| Soft skin tissue infections | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) |
0.082 | 61.7 | 0.87–1.16 |
| Other injection-related Complicationsa | 0.64 (0.49–0.85) |
0.085 | 58.4 | 0.44–0.95 |
| Length of follow-up (months)b | 1.17 (1.11–1.24) |
<0.001 | 94.5 | 1.07–1.29 |
Notes: N = 160,557. Number of individuals receiving behavioral health counseling is 133,464 (83.1 %). MOUD = medication treatment for opioid use disorder. OUD = opioid use disorder. OR = odds ratio. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder. HCV = hepatitis C virus.
Other injection-related complications include intracranial and intraspinal abscess, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis; which were combined due to small cell sizes.
Length of follow-up is defined as the number of months between the first OUD diagnosis and the end of the follow up period (either end of the measurement period or one year after the first diagnosis of OUD).