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. 2023 Nov 22;18(11):e0293473. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293473

Table 4. Associations between environmental, mental health and temperament factors and empathetic behaviors at baseline.

Variable Regression Coefficient Cohen’s f Standard Error (SE) P-value Wald Statistic
Considerate of Others’ Feelings
Important to show affection 0.05 0.07 0.01 <0.001 47.00
Frequency of religious service attendance -0.03 0.06 <0.01 <0.001 34.85
Importance of religious beliefs
in youth’s daily life
0.03 0.09 0.01 <0.001 33.11
Has best friend 0.05 0.07 0.01 <0.001 18.26
Externalizing behavior score -0.02 0.27 <0.01 <0.001 678.29
Internalizing behavior score <0.01 0.07 <0.01 <0.001 50.10
Would rather be alone -0.10 0.08 0.01 <0.001 62.83
Helpful if Someone is Hurt
Sex 0.05 0.07 0.01 <0.001 41.67
Importance of religious beliefs
in youth’s daily life
0.047 0.08 0.01 <0.001 57.90
Religion should be an important part of one’s life -0.03 0.07 <0.01 <0.001 44.19
Parent English Fluency 0.05 0.07 0.01 <0.001 35.14
Externalizing behavior score -0.01 0.14 <0.01 <0.001 198.55
Would rather be alone -0.07 0.06 0.01 <0.001 38.60
Often Offers to Help Others
Sex 0.10 0.10 0.01 <0.001 101.58
Parents should teach children to be independent 0.03 0.06 0.01 <0.001 31.94
Importance of religious beliefs in youth’s daily life 0.04 0.10 <0.01 <0.001 71.65
Likes school 0.03 0.06 0.01 <0.001 40.62
Externalizing behavior score -0.01 0.15 <0.01 <0.001 228.36