Table 5. Associations between environmental, mental health and temperament factors and empathetic behaviors at follow-up using independent variables identified at baseline.

Variable	Regression Coefficient	Cohen’s f	Standard Error (SE)	P-value	Wald Statistic
Considerate of Others’ Feelings
Sex	0.06	0.07	0.01	<0.001	35.10
Important to show affection	0.05	0.07	0.01	<0.001	36.40
Importance of religious beliefs in youth’s daily life	0.02	0.07	0.01	0.001	11.40
Has best friend	0.06	0.08	0.01	<0.001	20.65
Externalizing behavior score	-0.02	0.33	<0.01	<0.001	668.87
Internalizing behavior score	<0.01	0.06	<0.01	<0.001	24.14
Would rather be alone	-0.08	0.07	0.01	<0.001	34.39
Helpful if Someone is Hurt, Upset or Ill
Sex	0.07	0.09	0.01	<0.001	49.39
Important to show affection	0.06	0.10	0.01	<0.001	57.51
Importance of religious beliefs in youth’s daily life	0.05	0.09	0.01	<0.001	37.61
Externalizing behavior score	-0.01	0.16	<0.01	<0.001	160.83
Fearful of social situations	-0.09	0.06	0.02	<0.001	23.17
Often Offers to Help Others
Sex	0.11	0.11	0.01	<0.001	71.82
Age	-<0.01	0.08	<0.01	<0.001	38.08
Important to show affection	0.05	0.06	0.01	<0.001	26.63
Importance of religious beliefs in youth’s daily life	0.04	0.09	0.01	<0.001	41.33
Likes school	0.04	0.07	0.01	<0.001	28.45
Externalizing behavior score	-0.01	0.20	<0.01	<0.001	247.95
Fearful of social situations	-0.11	0.06	0.02	<0.001	24.21