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. 2023 Nov 2;17:3323–3330. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S422513

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© 2023 Dow et al.

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A flowchart representing patients involved in the study. “Human Workflow” indicates a store-and-forward human-based teleophthalmology system in which fundus images were interpreted by a retina specialist one to five days after acquisition. “AI Workflow” indicates assessment by the AI system without human teleophthalmology involvement. “AI–Human Hybrid Workflow” indicates fundus images that received an ungradable result from the AI system and were subsequently evaluated by the human-based teleophthalmology system, producing a result in one to five days.