Table 4. Factors affecting EPC functions in other pregnancy diseases.
| Diseases | Factors | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDM | Chronic hypoxia/eNOS↓, P-eNOS↑, HIF 1α↑, IGF-1↑ | Senescence and angiogenesis | [126] |
| TAGLN↑ | Migration and angiogenesis | [173,174] | |
| Vitamin D3/Vitamin D receptor | Migration and angiogenesis | [167] | |
| Bradykinin/PI3K/Akt↑/eNOS↑ signalling pathway, hTERT translocation↓, ROS↓ | Senescence | [102] | |
| Moderate hypoxia/eNOS↓, RAMP↓ | Senescence and angiogenesis | [175] | |
| Hyperglycemia/p38MAPK↑ | Proliferation, senescence, and angiogenesis | [168] | |
| Hyperglycemia/ PLAC8↑ | Proliferation and senescence | [169] | |
| Premature birth | Superoxide dismutase, Catalase | Proliferation | [133] |
| Hyperoxia/ VEGFR2↓/eNOS/NO↓ | Proliferation | [170] | |
| THBS1↑/p-AKTC | Migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation | [171] | |
| EPO↑, IGF-1↓ | Mobilization | [176,177] | |
| RSV, SIRT1↓ | Senescence, proliferation, and angiogenesis | [131] | |
| SIRT1↓/MKK6/p38MAPK/Hsp27 pathway | Senescence | [178] | |
| IUGR | NO↓, p-eNOS↑ | Senescence | [134] |
| G9a↓/Notch | Proliferation | [179] | |
| SDF-1↓, MMP-2↓ | Angiogenesis | [136] | |
| PROM | oestrogen↑ | Migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation | [139] |
| Recurrent miscarriage | sFlt1↑/VEGF/PI3K/Akt/eNOS↓ | Angiogenesis | [141] |
EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; PROM, premature rupture of membranes.