Table 2.

The Random Effects Spatial Panel Models for AMR in Humans (%); Source: own calculation.

Variables	SDM	SAR	SEM
AMU in Humans (DDD)	0.34⁎⁎⁎	0.34⁎⁎⁎	−0.11⁎
AMU in Farmed Animals (tons)	0.07⁎⁎	0.07⁎⁎	0.00
WASH (Dummy)	−0.10	−0.11	−0.02
Health Expenditure (% of GDP)	−0.08	−0.10	0.03
Regulation (Dummy)	0.26	0.23	0.13
Intercept	−2.74	−2.66	0.14
$\delta$	−0.01	–	–
$\rho$	0.34⁎⁎⁎	0.34⁎⁎⁎	–
λ	–	–	0.05⁎⁎⁎
Log-likelihood	−65.21	−65.34	39.43

Significance Levels: ^⁎ p < 10%, ^⁎⁎ p < 5%, and ^⁎⁎⁎ p < 1%.