Table 4.
Hazard ratio for death from Cox regression by sepsis characteristics during follow-up of sepsis patients
| Variable | No. of patients | Person year at risk | Deaths | Mortality per 100 person year |
Crude HR | Adjusted HRa (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sepsis subgroup | ||||||
| Implicit | 127,059 | 370,431 | 76,498 | 20.7 | 1.00 | 1.000 (Reference) |
| Explicit | 92,928 | 356,820 | 54,738 | 15.3 | 0.86 | 0.980 (0.969–0.991) |
| COVID-19-relatedb | 2845 | 1841 | 490 | 26.6 | 0.51 | 0.916 (0.836–1.003) |
| Site of infectionc | ||||||
| Respiratory | 68,920 | 190,102 | 43,711 | 23.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Genitourinary | 27,311 | 87,844 | 16,416 | 18.7 | 0.83 | 0.68 (0.67–0.69) |
| Other infectionsd | 24,450 | 85,671 | 12,610 | 14.7 | 0.70 | 0.84 (0.83–0.86) |
| Intra-abdominal | 8857 | 27,536 | 5206 | 18.9 | 0.88 | 0.86 (0.84–0.89) |
| Gastrointestinal infections | 8617 | 37,871 | 3844 | 10.2 | 0.52 | 0.58 (0.56–0.60) |
| Skin and soft tissue | 5169 | 20,173 | 2395 | 11.9 | 0.58 | 0.65 (0.62–0.68) |
| Infections following a procedure | 4111 | 18,082 | 1907 | 10.5 | 0.54 | 0.63 (0.61–0.66) |
| Endocarditis/myocarditis | 1274 | 4186 | 731 | 17.5 | 0.83 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
| Comorbiditiesc | ||||||
| Heart and vascular | 51,333 | 162,687 | 32,720 | 20.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Cancer | 21,614 | 45,614 | 16,272 | 35.7 | 1.52 | 2.48 (2.43–2.53) |
| Lung | 14,062 | 47,214 | 8426 | 17.8 | 0.88 | 1.21 (1.18–1.24) |
| Diabetes | 5434 | 23,163 | 2288 | 9.9 | 0.53 | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) |
| Dementia | 2955 | 4578 | 2537 | 55.4 | 1.97 | 1.58 (1.52–1.65) |
| Renal | 1902 | 4522 | 1055 | 23.3 | 0.96 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) |
| Immune | 1040 | 5230 | 341 | 65.2 | 0.37 | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) |
| Liver | 463 | 955 | 335 | 35.1 | 1.55 | 3.44 (3.09–3.83) |
| No. of comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | 68,450 | 305,693 | 25,516 | 8.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 | 98,803 | 293,964 | 63,974 | 21.8 | 2.28 | 1.71 (1.69–1.74) |
| 2 | 45,352 | 109,290 | 33,963 | 31.1 | 3.00 | 2.12 (2.09–2.16) |
| ≥ 3 | 10,227 | 20,145 | 8273 | 41.1 | 3.56 | 2.60 (2.54–2.67) |
| Type of acute organ dysfunctionc | ||||||
| Respiratory | 49,234 | 139,667 | 30,855 | 22.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Renal | 53,010 | 154,416 | 30,879 | 20.0 | 0.90 | 0.68 (0.67–0.70) |
| Other acute organ dysfunctionse | 17,954 | 67,926 | 9642 | 14.2 | 0.69 | 0.52 (0.51–0.53) |
| Circulatory | 7425 | 18,784 | 4520 | 24.1 | 1.09 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
| Coagulation | 4820 | 14,881 | 2784 | 18.7 | 0.87 | 1.33 (1.27–1.38) |
| Hepatic | 1365 | 2857 | 988 | 34.6 | 1.46 | 1.95 (1.82–2.07) |
| No. of acute organ dysfunctions | ||||||
| 1 | 133,808 | 398,531 | 79,668 | 20.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 2 | 15,262 | 36,114 | 9928 | 27.5 | 1.32 | 1.46 (1.43–1.49) |
| 3 | 2864 | 6205 | 1881 | 30.3 | 1.48 | 2.02 (1.93–2.11) |
| ≥ 4 | 699 | 1215 | 494 | 40.6 | 1.88 | 3.04 (2.78–3.32) |
| ICU treatmentf | ||||||
| No | 114,423 | 261,062 | 56,398 | 21.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 10,602 | 23,034 | 5021 | 21.8 | 1.02 | 1.41 (1.37–1.46) |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ICU intensive care unit
aCox regression with time to death as dependent variable, the listed variable as covariate (one at the time), adjusted for per year 2009–2019 as continuous covariate, indicator covariates for the years 2008, 2020 and 2021, and sex and age
bEnter date = February 27, 2020
cCategorical variable where one ICD-10 code excludes other ICD-10 codes in the same diagnosis group
dOther infections = Bone, obstetric, upper airway, central nervous system and unknown
eOther acute organ dysfunctions = Acidosis, unspecific gangrene, central nervous system dysfunctions and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.
fEnter date = May 1, 2014