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. 2023 Nov 22;13:20449. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47821-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Groupwise mean figure frames (female participants without cognitive deficits: black polygon; male participants without cognitive deficits: black dotted polygon; patients with cognitive deficits for both sexes: red polygon). (A) initial reproduction with eyes closed and target matrix straight ahead. The figure frame overall matches the target shape. (B) transformation tasks: body rotation 90° in the yaw plane to the left, L, and the right, R, side. The figure frame shows clear deformation and decreased rectangularity in the patient cohort with cognitive impairment. (C) post-rotation tasks, following left-side and right-side rotation. Again, figure frame deformation in the cohort with cognitive impairment is visible.