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. 2023 Nov 22;13:20480. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47749-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Higher popularity of highly bored individuals intensifies effects on collective trend dynamics. (A) Schematic illustrating that a defined subset of individuals from the population was constrained to have a high popularity (implemented as a likelihood to be sampled by others that was tenfold higher than for the residual individuals, see “Methods” section). The boredom function was homogenous across individuals. (B) Simulation of this condition (model parameters: n_i = 200 individuals, 10% = 20 highly popular individuals, memory size m = 10, boredom of population x₀ = 0.75). Top: Single individual color choices. Mid: Subpopulations’ trend colors over trials. Bottom: Uniformity of both subpopulations over trials. (C) Uniformity between subgroups, showing no significant difference (n = 2000 trials, p-value refers to Wilcoxon signed-rank test). (D) Mean absolute difference of the subpopulations’ trend colors to the time-shifted full population trend (n = 2000 trials). The highly popular subgroup predicts trends in the close future. (E) Maximal uniformity of simulations across the parameter space with two increasing fractions of highly popular individuals. The white frames are reproduced from Fig. 4F for comparison of the parameter conditions that lead to well pronounced trends with intermediate uniformity in a homogenous population of agents. (F) Maximal uniformity over parameter space simulations with the same conditions as in the right panel of E, but with a constrained boredom parameter x₀ for the highly popular fraction of individuals. We gradually increased the degree of boredom in highly popular individuals.