TABLE 1.

Major mechanistic and molecular findings in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.

Disease	Major findings	References
Multiple sclerosis	Obesity promotes blood-brain barrier disruption, facilitating the infiltration of immune cells	Davanzo et al., 2023
	Leptin and adiponectin imbalances impact immune responses and neuroinflammation	Matarese et al., 2005; Frisullo et al., 2007; Piccio et al., 2013; Marrodan et al., 2021
	Oligodendrocyte loss is promoted through oxidative stress produced by obesity	Langley et al., 2020
	Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to disease severity and progression	Shahi et al., 2022
Alzheimer’s disease	Obesity-associated insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation accelerate Aβ peptide production and neuroinflammation	Zhao et al., 2008; Di Carlo et al., 2012; Nuzzo et al., 2015; Ng and Chan, 2017
	Leptin resistance impact Aβ peptide accumulation and synaptic dysfunction	Bonda et al., 2014
Parkinson’s disease	High-fat diet-induced neuroinflammation, astrogliosis and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to dopaminergic neuron degeneration	Kao et al., 2020
	Tyrosine hydroxylase is found decreased due to obesity-induced insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of astroglia and microglia	Bittencourt et al., 2022

This table presents major mechanistic and molecular findings in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease in the context of obesity-related factors.