Table II.
Impact of AD and FA on COVID-19–related outcomes
| Study | Country | Disease type | COVID-19 outcome measured | Association | Outcome, OR (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attauabi105 | Denmark | AD | COVID-19 PCR positivity | Decrease | — |
| Beken106 | Turkey | AD, food allergen sensitization | COVID-19 hospitalization, COVID-19 severity | No association |
AD and COVID-19 severity 0.477 (0.034-6.586) |
| Bowe107 | United States | AD | COVID-19 reinfection | No association |
Risk of AD in those with reinfection vs no reinfection HR, 1.06 (0.91-1.24) |
| Carmona-Pirez108 | Spain | AD with anxiety disorders | COVID-19 infection | Increase |
aOR 1.36 (1.06-1.74) |
| Carugno109 | Italy | AD with dupilumab | COVID-19 infection | No association | — |
| Criado27 | Brazil | AD and antihistamines, oral corticosteroids, dupilumab | COVID-19 severity/duration | No association | AD and antihistamines: 0.7 (0.3-1.6) AD and oral corticosteroids: 0.3 (0.1-2.3) AD and antihistamines: 3.6 (0.8-17.6) |
| Fan110 | United States | AD | COVID-19 infection | Increase | aOR: 1.29 (1.15-1.44) |
| Fritsche111 | United States | FA | Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 | Increase | 1.94 (1.42-2.60) |
| Keswani112 | United States | AD, FA | COVID-19 hospitalization, ICU admission, intubation | No association |
AD Hospitalization: 0.51 (0.25-0.90) ICU admission: 0.65 (0.22-1.55) Intubation: 0.18 (0.01-0.87) FA Hospitalization: 0.97 (0.57-1.62) ICU admission: 0.97 (0.41-2.01) Intubation: 0.1 (0.21-1.83) |
| Kridin113 | Israel | AD and dupilumab | COVID-19 infection, hospitalization | No association |
HR COVID-19 infection Dupilumab vs systemic corticosteroids: 1.13 (0.61-2.09) Dupilumab vs phototherapy: 0.80 (0.42-1.53) Dupilumab vs azathioprine: 1.10 (0.45-2.65) Hospitalization Dupilumab vs systemic corticosteroids: 0.35 (0.05-2.71) Dupilumab vs phototherapy: 0.43 (0.05-3.98) Dupilumab vs azathioprine: 0.25 (0.02-2.74) |
| Kridin114 | Israel | AD | COVID-19 hospitalization | No association | Extended courses of systemic corticosteroids required in COVID-19–related hospitalization: 1.96 (1.23-3.14) |
| Kutlu115 | Turkey | AD | COVID-19 severity | No association | — |
| Marsteller116 | United States | Food allergen sensitization | COVID-19 positivity | No association | — |
| Miodonska117 | Poland | AD severity | Severe COVID-19 | No association |
HR 0.45 (0.32-0.65) |
| Musters97 | Global | AD and dupilumab, corticosteroids, topical treatments | COVID-19 hospitalization | AD and dupilumab: Decrease AD and systemic corticosteroids: Increase |
Hospitalization (aOR) Topical treatments vs dupilumab: 4.99 (1.4-20.84) Systemic corticosteroids vs dupilumab: 2.85 (0.08-38.11) Cyclosporin vs dupilumab: 3.02 (0.14-25.72) Combination therapy including systemic corticosteroids vs nonsteroidal immunosuppressive monotherapy: 45.74 (4.54-616.22) Combination therapy not including systemic corticosteroids vs nonsteroidal immunosuppressive monotherapy: 37.57 (1.05-871.11) Systemic corticosteroid monotherapy vs nonsteroidal immunosuppressive monotherapy: 1.87 (0.03-55.4) |
| Nguyen118 | United States | AD, including patients receiving immunomodulatory medications (prednisolone, methotrexate, ciclosporin, dupilumab) | COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and mortality rate | No association | — |
| Pakhchanian119 | Global | AD, including those receiving systemic immunosuppressants | Hospitalization, mortality, severe COVID-19 | No association | Hospitalization: 0.89 (0.75-1.04) Mortality: 1.02 (0.62-1.62) Severe COVID-19: 0.8 (0.54-1.19) |
| Patrick120 | United States | AD | COVID-19 infection | Increase | 1.48 (1.06-2.06) |
| Raiker121 | Global | AD | COVID-19 hospitalization, critical care admission, severe COVID-19 | Hospitalization: Decrease Others: No association |
Adjusted risk ratio Hospitalization: 0.63 (0.54-0.72) |
| Rakita122 | United States | AD | COVID-19 severity, complications, hospitalization | Hospitalization: aOR 0.51 (0.20-1.35) Acute level of care at initial medical care: 0.67 (0.35-1.30) Severe to critical SARS-CoV-2: 0.82 (0.29-2.30) Requirement of supplemental nonmechanical oxygen therapy: 1.33 (0.50-3.58) Extended hospital stay: 2.24 (0.36-13.85) Lingering COVID-19 symptoms: 0.58 (0.06-5.31) COVID-19 death (0.002 (<0.001 to >999) |
|
| Seibold123 | United States | AD/FA | COVID-19 infection, household transmission |
COVID-19 infection AD: No association FA: Decrease Household transmission AD: No association FA: Decrease |
HR AD: VID infection: 1.06 (0.75-1.50) FA: COVID-19 infection: 0.50 (0.32-0.81) aOR AD: Household transmission: 1.85 (0.65-5.21) FA: Household transmission: 0.43 (0.19-0.96) |
| Smith-Norowitz124 | United States | AD | COVID-19 positivity (IgM, IgG, Ag) | No association | — |
| Ungar125,126 | United States | AD and dupilumab | COVID-19 severity, COVID-19 antibody levels | Dupilumab compared to nonbiologic systemic treatments, other systemic treatments, and limited/no treatments: Decrease | Systemic treatments vs dupilumab: 3.89 Limited/no treatments vs dupilumab: 1.96 Nonbiologic systemic treatment vs dupilumab: 1.87 |
| Wu127 | Denmark | AD and AD treated with dupilumab | COVID-19 infection | AD: Slight increase AD and dupilumab: Decrease |
Incidence rate ratio AD: 1.18 (1.12-1.24) AD and dupilumab: 0.66 (0.52-0.83) |
| Yang128 | South Korea | AD | COVID-19 PCR positivity, severe COVID-19 outcomes (ICU admission, invasive ventilation, death) | No association | COVID-19 positivity: 0.93 (0.76-1.13) Severe COVID-19 outcomes: 0.72 (0.18-2.90) |
| Yiu129 | United Kingdom | AD | COVID-19 PCR positivity | No association |
aOR 0.60 (0.22-1.64) |
| Yue130 | United States | AD | COVID-19 Severity | Decrease |
Adjusted risk ratio Severe COVID-19 in AD vs non-AD: 0.8 (0.7-0.9) |
| Zhang131 | Netherlands | AD | COVID-19 infection | No association | Mild AD: 1.11 (0.71-1.73) Moderate to severe AD: 1.00 (0.74-1.36) |
aOR, Adjusted OR; HR, hazard ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.