Table 1.

Prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use during pregnancy.

Substance	No. studies	Sample size	Proportion	95% CI	p value	z Score	I2 (%)
Alcohol	8	10,073	0.23	0.11–0.34	0.00*	3.72	98.97%
Tobacco	13	25,065	0.27	0.20–0.34	0.00*	7.60	99.05%
Non-specified or multiple SUD	10	870	0.44	0.31–0.58	0.00*	6.52	93.84%
Overall	23	36,008	0.29	0.25–0.33	0.00*	13.83	98.67%

CI, Confidence Interval; SUD, Substance Use Disorder. *Indicates statistical significance.