Table 2.

Included studies’ characteristics, operational definition and measurement of the construct, and variables included.

Authors	Year	Doc.Type	Country	Sample size	Type of participants	Measurement of Workplace Civility	Operational definition of Workplace Civility	Variables included in the study	QGR
1. Macintosh, G.	2002	A	CAN	220	University Employees	Three items ad hoc. The travel counselor was courteous and polite. The travel counselor was rude. (R) and The travel counselor was easy to talk to.	Meeting the customer’s standards of courtesy and accepted behavior.	Travel counselor dependability, expertise, familiarity, and civility, as well as clients’ trust; and clients’ satisfaction.	++
2. Porto and Tamayo	2003	A	BRA	1,110	Employees	Scale of civility in organizations (Porto and Tamayo, 2003): 41 items	Organizational Civil Behaviors includes 5 factors creative suggestions to the system, system protection, creation of a climate favorable to the organization in the external environment, self-training, and cooperation with colleagues.	Civility with a self-report survey of 64 items.	+++
3. Belton, L. W. and Dyrenforth, S. R.	2007	A	USA.	n.a.	Representatives of the Veterans Health Administration	Items from the All-Employee Survey (AES.).	Good behavior in the workplace,” including interpersonal respect, the fair resolution of disputes, and the tolerance and discrimination in the organization.	Civility as a part of the CREW: Civility, Respect, and Engagement in the workplace.	+
4. Ottinot, R. C.	2008	TH	USA	Study 1 (N = 189) Study 2 (N = 99).	Employees and coworkers	Perceived Workplace Civility climate scale 3 three dimensions including 16-item scale.	Three dimensions, (a) intolerance for incivility, (b) response, and (c) policies/procedures aimed at addressing incivility in the workplace	Primary participants (demographics, perceived Workplace Civility climate and all self-report variables). Coworkers (perceived Workplace Civility climate, interpersonal conflict at work, overall job satisfaction and the counterproductive work behaviors of the primary worker)	++
5. Osatuke, et al.	2009	A	USA	899	Employees of the Veterans Health Administration	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Preintervention and postintervention changes in civility	+++
6. Moore, S. C.	2009	TH	USA	Four samples: 2006 N = 67,733; 2007 N = 70,592; and 2008 N = 69,290	Veteran’s Health Administration survey	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Civility in Workplace and job satisfaction.	+++
7. Gilin Oore, D. et al.	2010	A	CAN	478	Healthcare employees from a 5-hospital system	Respect using a three-item scale (based on Siegrist et al., 2004).	To measure the positively valenced “civility,” respect from coworkers, supervisors and the organization.	Civility norms by individual measures of (1) coworker incivility, (2) supervisor incivility, and (3) workgroup respect; and by creating a dichotomous incivility measure: high incivility vs. Low incivility.	++
8. Ottinot, R. C.	2010	TH	USA	2,222	K-12 teachers	Perceived Workplace Civility climate scale 3 three dimensions including 16-item scale.	Three dimensions, (a) intolerance for incivility, (b) response, and (c) policies/procedures aimed at addressing incivility in the workplace	Workplace Civility Climate, at individual level and as a group-level construct, teacher experienced incivility, abuse, job satisfaction and affective commitment	+++
9. Leiter M. P. et al.	2011	A	CAN	1,173	Health care workers	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Civility, burnout, job attitudes, management trust, and absences	+++
10. Leiter M. P. et al.	2012	A	CAN	1957	Health care providers	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Civility, incivility, distress, and job attitudes	+++
11. Leiter M. P. et al.	2012	A	CAN	472	Nurses	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Civility, incivility, burnout, work engagement and coworkers’ and supervisors’ support.	++
12. Walsh et al.	2012	A	USA	2,711	Employees	Civility norms questionnaire-brief (Walsh et al., 2012). 4-items Likert-type scale	Civility is considered as the individual perceptions of civility norms, or the degree to which norms for respectful treatment exist	Civility, incivility, organizational justice, job satisfaction, commitment, and intentions to quit.	+++
13. Clark, C.	2014	A	USA	Time 1 (n = 54), Time 2 (n = 68), and Time 3 (n = 66).	Nursing students	Nursing civility scale: Four quantitative items measured nursing students’ perceptions.	Nursing students’ perceptions includes (1) level of civility in the nursing program; (2) quality of student-faculty relationships; (3) quality of student–student relationships; and (4) number of hours spent per week in stress-reducing activities.	Stress, coping, faculty-student, and student–student relationships, and ways to promote civility in nursing education	+++
14. Mcgonagle, A. K. et al.	2014	A	USA	Sample 1 (N = 421) Sample 2, (N = 964)	Mechanical workers and non-management employees	Civility norms questionnaire-brief (Walsh et al., 2012). 4-items Likert-type scale	Individual perceptions of civility norms, or the degree to which norms for respectful treatment exist	Civility norms indirectly related to safety outcomes (i.e., unsafe behaviors and on-the-job injuries) through associations with specific psychosocial safety climate dimensions (i.e., management safety climate, coworker safety climate) and work safety tension (felt conflict between job tasks and safety)	+++
15. Montalvo, L.	2014	TH	USA	K = 17	Articles on civility	n.a.	n.a.	Civility, nurses’ well-being and organizational commitment, nurses’ productivity, patients’ perception of treatment and health care outcomes.	n.a.
16. Leiter M. P. et al.	2015	A	CAN	FLMs (N = 157) staff (N = 1,624).	First-line managers and frontline staff of healthcare organizations.	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Attachment anxiety and avoidance, professional efficacy, trust, psychological safety, civility; incivility, exhaustion, and cynicism. Workgroup civility as independent variable.	+++
17. Hernandez, W., et al.	2015	A	USA	3,674	Representatives of the Veterans Health Administration	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Managerial self-awareness, supervisor burnout, supervised workgroup climate, Workplace Civility and Psychological Safety.	+++
18. Porath, C. L. et al.	2015	A	USA	Study 1, Time 1, (N = 46). Time 2 (N = 42). Study 2, N = 181	Biotechnology firm Employees and students	One Likert question: “To what extent is this person civil?	Interactions, such as feeling listened to, receiving acknowledgment, credit, or thanks, and being asked questions humbly, should ignite positive feelings, such as pride, esteem, or dignity.	Perceptions of Leaders as (a) warm and (b) Competent, and Workplace Civility as independent variable.	+++
19. Clark, O. L., and Walsh, B. M.	2016	A	USA	239	University employed students	Civility norms questionnaire-brief (Walsh et al., 2012). 4-items Likert-type scale	Individual perceptions of civility norms, or the degree to which norms for respectful treatment exist	Organizational constraints, interpersonal Deviance, and Team civility climate.	++
20. Di Fabio, A. et al.	2016	A	ITA	261	Employees from public and private organizations	Workplace relational civility scale a self-report mirror instrument of 26 Items that assesses Relational Civility at work.	Three interrelated components: relational readiness, relational culture, and relational decency	Three dimensions relational decency; relational culture; and relational readiness. Acceptance of change, well-being (hedonic well-being as well as eudemonic well-being), and personality traits.	++
21. Di Fabio, A., and Gori, A.	2016	A	ITA	115	Employees from public and private organizations	Workplace relational civility scale a self-report mirror instrument of 26 Items that assesses Relational Civility at work.	Behaviors like treatin Three interrelated components: relational readiness, relational culture, and relational decency	Workplace Relational Civility, Organizational citizenships behavior, Prosocial organizational Behavior, Intrapreneurial Self-Capital, Flourishing, Satisfaction with life, Self-esteem, Perceived social support, Trait emotional intelligence, and Workplace incivility.	+
22. Gazica, M. W. and Spector, P. E.	2016	A	USA	386	Employees	Perceived Workplace Civility climate scale 3 three dimensions including 16-item scale.	Three dimensions, (a) intolerance for incivility, (b) response, and (c) policies/procedures aimed at addressing incivility in the workplace	Workplace Civility climate, safety climate, and violence prevention climate. Accidents, musculoskeletal disorders, physical and nonphysical violence, incivility exposure, and interpersonal conflict.	++
23. Laschinger H. K. S. and Read, E. A.	2016	A	CAN	993	New graduate nurses	Civility norms questionnaire-brief (Walsh et al., 2012). 4-items Likert-type scale	Individual perceptions of civility norms, or the degree to which norms for respectful treatment exist	Civility norms as an independent variable. Authentic leadership, person-job fit, coworker incivility and subsequent emotional exhaustion.	+++
24. Alamelu, R. et al.	2017	A	IND	200	Banking Employees	Questionnaire ad hoc, without information about the length, type of items or its psychometric properties.	Norms and rules to be adhered when dealing with others.	Workforce Civility as a construct integrated by five factors: overall workforce civility, effective work etiquette, cost and reward, communication, and conflict and resolution.	++
25. Costa, V. F. et al.	2017	A	BRA	302	Employees of a manufacturer of home appliances in Rio Grande do Sul	Scale of civility in organizations (Porto and Tamayo, 2003): 41 items	Five factors: creative suggestions to the system, system protection, creation of a climate favorable to the organization in the external environment, self-training, and cooperation with colleagues.	Organizational Citizenship Behavior as a construct integrated by 5 factors, one of them is civility. Organizational Values, job satisfaction.	++
26. Doucette, W. C. and Tolley, R. L.	2017	BCH	USA	n. a.	n. a.	Opinion Survey on Civility in the Workplace	Consistent mindful speech and the first step toward higher levels of empathy and increased cooperation in the workplace	Civility as a construct characterized by personal dignity and respect.	+
27. Gillen, P. A. et al.	2017	A	IRE-SWE-ENG.	4,116	Participants of five studies included in the meta-analysis	n.a.	n.a.	Experiences of civility as the inverse of incivility and as an indirect measure of bullying victimization.	++
28. Tsuno, K. et al.	2017	A	JAP-CAN	Sample 1 (N = 2,191) and Sample 2 (N = 1,071)	Japanese employees and Canadian health care employees	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007). The 8-item Civility Scale Japanese version measures the perceptions of civility within a workgroup and across an organization.	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Workgroup Civility, and demographic characteristics.	+++
29. Yanchus et al.	2017	A	USA	10,997	Mental health employees	Civility subscale, average of the subscale that contained four items.	Not defined. Instead, it is considered that Civility includes respect; conflict resolution; cooperation, and diversity acceptance.	Civility (courteous and respectful workplace behaviors) and supervisory support. Job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, turnover intention, and turnover plans.	+++
30. Hostetler, T. J.	2017	TH	USA	4,037 and 1,264	Registered nurses and employees of two healthcare organizations	Overall civility rating (Section 9) from the Organizational civility scale (Clark et al., 2013). 108-item scale	Antonym of incivility. There is not an explicit definition.	Nurse perceptions of civility resources, incivility, stress, coping, and job satisfaction	+++
31. Hutchinson, D. M. et al.	2018	A	USA	420	Employees	Perceived Workplace Civility climate scale 3 three dimensions including 16-item scale.	Three dimensions, (a) intolerance for incivility, (b) response, and (c) policies/procedures aimed at addressing incivility in the workplace	Civility climate as a second order factor of the general safety climate. Interpersonal conflict, workplace aggression, exposure to uncivil behavior, workplace accidents, and job satisfaction.	++
32. Nagy, M.	2018	BCH	USA	n.a.	n. a.	n.a.	n.a.	Theoretically developed the notion of civility, and its benefits and costs compared to diversity training.
33. Palazzeschi, L.	2018	A	ITA	204	Employees of care organizations	Workplace relational civility scale a self-report mirror instrument of 26 Items that assesses Relational Civility at work.	Three interrelated components: relational readiness, relational culture, and relational decency	Workplace Relational Civility and its three dimensions relational decency; relational culture; and relational readiness as a dependent variable.	++
34. Clark, C., Sattler, V., and Barbosa-Leiker, C.	2018	A	USA-CAN	393	Attendees from one international nursing conference	Workplace Civility index (Clark, et al., 2018) is a 20-item, Likert-type survey consisting of 20 elements. Respondents assess the perceived frequency of civil workplace interactions.	Not defined, but the construct is suggested as opposite to Incivility.	Self-reflection.	++
35. Abd-Elrhaman, E. S. A., and Ghoneimy, A. G. H.	2019	A	EGY	176	Nurses in critical care units	Workplace Civility index (Clark, et al., 2018) is a 20-item, Likert-type survey consisting of 20 elements. Respondents assess the perceived frequency of civil workplace interactions.	Not defined, but the construct is suggested as opposite to Incivility.	The knowledge and practices regarding professional nursing ethics, and level of Workplace Civility before and after the implementation of professional nursing ethics program	+
36. Clark, C.	2020	CP	USA-CAN	393	Nursing faculty and practice-based nurses	Workplace Civility index (Clark, et al., 2018) is a 20-item, Likert-type survey consisting of 20 elements. Respondents assess the perceived frequency of civil workplace interactions.	Not defined, but the construct is suggested as opposite to Incivility.	The perceived frequency of civil workplace interactions	++
37. Liu et al.	2020	A	USA-ISR	Study 1: (N = 432) Study 2: (N = 377)	Management undergraduate students and surgical teams from a large tertiary health care center in Israel.	Team civil communication: number of text communications that included elements of courteousness, graciousness, consideration, support and/or encouragement. Team civil communication: idem expressed by team members from the preparation stage to the end of the surgical operation.	Workplace Civility includes verbal civility (e.g., civil communication) and non-verbal civility (e.g., civility conveyed from facial expressions and body gestures).	Verbal civility at work operationalized as work-based civil communication, such as interpersonal communication characterized by courteousness, graciousness, consideration, support and/or encouragement in work-related contexts	++
38. Gori and Topino	2020	A	ITA	130	Employees of public and private organizations	Workplace relational civility scale a self-report mirror instrument of 26 Items that assesses Relational Civility at work.	Three interrelated components: relational readiness, relational culture, and relational decency	Psychological factors [predisposition to change, workplace relational civility (others with me) and job satisfaction].	+
39. Oppel, E. M., and Mohr, D. C.	2020	A	USA	Nurses (N = 6,019) Patients (N = 38,619)	Nursing of the Veterans Health Administration, and Patients	Providers’ civility climate eight-item scale (Leiter et al., 2011), participants’ perceptions of civility within their workgroup and their workplace as a whole. Civility toward patients: Agreement to items asking how often nurses treated patients with courtesy and respect.	Civility climate includes: (a) respect and acceptance, (b) cooperation, (c) supportive relationships between coworkers, and (d) fair conflict resolution.	Providers’ civility climate, overall hospital rating, patients’ intent to recommend, patients’ willingness to return and civility toward patients.	+++
40. Erum, H., Abid, G., Contreras, F., and Islam, T.	2020	A	n. a.	335	Employees	Civility scale Porath and Erez’s (2007) four-item scale. Sample items include “Do your co-worker treat you with respect?” and “Do your co-worker treat you with dignity?”	Employees’ courteous, respectful, and caring behavior toward each other in formal and informal social relations.	Family motivation, civility, affective commitment, organizational citizenship behavior and self-efficacy.	++
41. Der Kinderen, S., Valk, A., Khapova, S. N., and Tims, M.	2020	A	NLD	312	Mental health care employees	Civility norms questionnaire-brief (Walsh et al., 2012). 4-items Likert-type scale	Individual perceptions of civility norms, or the degree to which norms for respectful treatment exist	Servant leadership, eudemonic well-being, and Workplace Civility climate.	++
42. Liu, L.	2020	TH	CHN	723.	Micro, small, and medium enterprises Employees	Workplace relational civility scale a self-report mirror instrument of 26 Items that assesses Relational Civility at work.	Three interrelated components: relational readiness, relational culture, and relational decency	Health-promoting leadership, employee health, Workplace Civility, and workplace ostracism on employee engagement, and employability.	+++
43. Campbell, et al.	2021	A	USA	1,043	Staff and faculty in medical, nursing, pharmacy, and health professions schools	Organizational civility scale (OCS) consisting in 88-item, which measures the continuum of professional and unprofessional behaviors experienced by employees.	Frequency of incivility, overall civility rating, perceptions of organizational climate, importance of civility resources, and existence of civility resources.	Organizational civility and other variables, such as feelings about current employment, employee satisfaction, sources of stress, coping strategies, and overall levels of stress and overall coping ability.	+++
44. Sawada, et al.	2021	A	JAP	Sample 1 (n = 17–22), Sample 2 (n = 9–13), Sample 3 (n = 6–10)	Nurses, medical doctors, and other psychiatric professionals	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Social climate, civility scale, and work engagement (UWES) have been assessed over time	++
45. Alam, M., Fozia, G. U. L., and Imran, M.	2021	A	PAK	340	Employees manufacturing sector	Civility: four-item scale assessing civility was used. Example item was “Do your co-workers treat you in a polite manner?	Prescribed interpersonal actions that verified value and be in love with others to create useful affairs at workplace.	Ethical leadership, civility, work engagement and organizational commitment.	++
46. Gupta, A. and Singh, P.	2021	A	IND	363	Employees technology companies	Civility survey eight-item (Meterko et al., 2007).	Employee ratings of personal interest and respect from coworkers, cooperation or teamwork in the workgroup, fair conflict resolution, and valuing of individual differences by coworkers and supervisor.	Job crafting, Workplace Civility, work engagement and change perception, general life satisfaction and intention to quit, considered as outcomes.	++
47. Hossny, E. K., and Sabra, H. E.	2021	A	SAU	139	Nurses	Perceived Workplace Civility climate scale 3 three dimensions including 16-item scale.	Three dimensions, (a) intolerance for incivility, (b) response, and (c) policies/procedures aimed at addressing incivility in the workplace	Nurses’ perception to Workplace Civility climate on nurse–physician collaboration	+
48. Ahmed Elsayed, W. et al.	2021	A	EGY	150	Nurses	Perceived Workplace Civility climate scale 3 three dimensions including 16-item scale.	Three dimensions, (a) intolerance for incivility, (b) response, and (c) policies/procedures aimed at addressing incivility in the workplace	Leadership competencies, Workplace Civility climate, and mental wellbeing scale	+
49. Savadkouhi, S., Oreyzi, H., and Asgari, K.	2021	A	IRN	75	Gas company employees	Relational energy scale Owens et al.’s (2016), five items.	Civility at work is identified as an antecedent of Employees’ Relational energy.	CREW intervention and relational energy.	+
50. Ahmed, E. A. A.	2022	A	EGY	127	Head nurses and staff nurses	Perceived Workplace Civility climate scale 3 three dimensions including 16-item scale.	Three dimensions, (a) intolerance for incivility, (b) response, and (c) policies/procedures aimed at addressing incivility in the workplace	Civility knowledge, Workplace Civility climate, nursing professional value, and legal and ethical issue knowledge	++
51. Apaydin, et al.	2022	A	USA	3,216	Primary care provider Employees of the Veterans Health Administration	Perceived Workplace Civility five items asking about cooperation, accepting differences, conflict resolution, and psychological safety.	Civility includes courtesy, politeness, and respect.	Outcomes: burnout; predictors: Workplace Civility and gender; controls: race, ethnicity, VA tenure, and supervisory status.	+++

CREW, civility, respect, and engagement in the workplace; HELP, high entrepreneurship, leadership, and professionalism; VHA, Veteran’s Health Administration; WRC, workplace relational civility, n. a., not available. Document Type: A, Article; BCH, book chapter; CP, conference paper; TH, thesis. Country: BRA, Brazil; CAN, Canada; CHN, China; EGY, Egypt; ENG, England; IND, India; IRE, Ireland; IRN, Iran; ISR, Israel; ITA, Italy; JAP, Japan; NLD, Netherlands; PAK, Pakistan; SAU, Saudi Arabia; SWE, Sweden; and USA, United States. QGR, Quality Global Rating for this paper. +++, strong, ++, moderate, +, weak.