Table 1.
Description of Studies Included in the Systematic Review in Alphabetical Order.
| Study | Country | Study Type | Recruitment | Sample | Age Range (M; SD) | Type | IPV Measures | Mental Health Constructs and Measures | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coercive control | Psychological | Physical/sexual | Constructs | Measures | |||||||
| * Ahmad et al. (2018) | Malaysia | CS | Com: Post-natal health care facilities | 5,727 w | ≥18 | CC | WHOMCS-CC items | WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Postnatal depression | EPDS (Malaysian) |
| Alexander et al. (2019) | USA | CS | Com: Community support services | 188 w | 18–24 (21.3; 2.2) | RC | 10-items (Miller et al., 2010) | PTSD, depression | PCPTSD, CESD-SF | ||
| * Anderson (2008) | USA | CS 2nd | Com: NVAWS national survey | 4,575 w | 18–88 | CC | NVAWS-CC items | PTSD, depression | IES (adapted), NVAWS 8 depression items | ||
| Anderson et al. (2017) | USA | CS | Com: HIV clinic | 67 w | 18–45 | RC | 10-items (Miller et al., 2010) | PTSD, depression | PCL-C, CESD | ||
| Basile et al. (2004) | USA | CS—2nd | NVAWS: IPV subgroup | 380 w | <18 (40) | ST | NVAWS-ST Items |
NVAWS verbal abuse + CC |
CTS | PTSD | IES (adapted) |
| *Beck et al. (2011) | USA | CS | IPV survivors—university research clinic | 63 w | 18–64 (36.75; 11.62) | CC | PMWI-DI | PMWI-EV | Interview devised by authors | PTSD | CAPS for DSM-IV |
| * Broughton and Ford-Gilboe (2017) | Canada | LO—2nd | IPV—subsample from WHES | 157 w | 20–64 (40.6; 9.6) | CC | WEB | Depression | CESD | ||
| * BubriskiMcKenzie and Jasinski (2013) | USA | CS 2nd | Com: IPV sample CWHRS | 705 w | ≥18 Bl: (31.07; 9.46) His: (29.08; 7.79 |
CC | CWHRS Power and Control Scale | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression | PSS-I CWHRS-based on MOS | |
| Coker et al. (2002) | USA | CS—2nd | Com: NVAWS national survey | 6,790 w 7,122 m | 18–65 | CC | NVAWS-CC items | NVAWS-verbal abuse | CTS | Depression Drug and Alcohol Use | SF-36 NVAWS Drug and Alcohol items |
| * Damra and Abujilban (2021) | Jordan | CS | Com: hospital gynecology/obstetric service | 300 w | 18–49 (32; 6.4) | CC | WHOMCS-CC items | WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Depression | BDI for Jordanian culture |
| * Dokkedahl et al. (2021) | Denmark | CS | Shelter | 147 w | ≥18 (34.6; 10.1) | CC | PMWI-DI | PMWI-EV | CTS2 | PTSD | ITQ, HTQ, TSC-26 |
| * Dutton and Painter (1993) | Canada | LO | IPV—shelters, support programs | 75 w | ≥18 (31.4) | PMWI-DI | PMWI-EV | CTS | PTSD | TSC-33 | |
| Dutton et al. (1999) | USA | CS | DV support service | 149 w | 18–58 (30) | CC | PMWI-DI | PMWI-EV | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression | PSS-SR, CESD |
| * Emery et al. (2019) | South Korea | CS | Com | 462 w | ≥18 | CC | NVAWS-CC items | Alcohol Use | CAGE | ||
| Fleming et al. (2012) | USA | CS | Com | 192 w | ≥18 (55.04; 3.92) | ST | NVAWS-ST items | CTS2 | CTS2 | PTSD | PCL-C |
| * Gibbs et al. (2018) | South Africa | CS | Com | 677 w | 18–30 (23.7) | EA | WHOMCS-CC | WHOMCS | Depression Suicidal Ideation | CESD SI: 1-item |
|
| Gou et al. (2019) | Canada | LO | Com | 98 w 98 m |
≥18 w: (29.98; 5.49) m: (32.03; 5.51) | CC | PMWI-DI | CTS2 | CESD | ||
| Grace et al. (2020) | USA | CS | University students | 354 w | ≥18 (20.88; 2.31) | CC, RC | 2 RC questions CAS |
CAS | CAS | Depression Drug and Alcohol Use |
CESD-R MFDAQ |
| * Groves et al. (2012) | South Africa | CS | Com: HIV | 1,500 w | ≥18 (27.29; 5.36) | CC | SRPS | adapted WHOMCS |
adapted WHOMCS |
Depression, Anxiety | HSCL-25 |
| Hardesty et al. (2019) | USA | LO | Com: mothers who filed for divorce | 135 w | 20.83–53.92 (35.22; 7.02) | CC | PMWI-DI | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression |
PCL-C-SF CESD-SF |
|
| Hayes and Kopp (2020) | USA | CS—2nd | Com: National NISVS | 7,433 w 6266 m |
≥18 | CC RC | Number of CC, RC past year | Number of psych. IPV past year | Number of physical IPV past year | Mental Health | Self-rated |
| * Hazen et al. (2008) | USA | CS | Com: Healthcare service users | 282 w | 18–45 (27.74; 7.12) | CC | PMWI-DI-SF | PMWI-EV-SF | CTS2 | Depression, Anxiety | BSI |
| * Hedin and Janson (1999) | Sweden | CS | Com: Antenatal clinics | 207 w | 18–35 (29.5, 4.5) | CC | PMWI-DI | PMWI-EV | SVAWS | PTSD, Anxiety | TSC-33 STAI |
| * Hines and Douglas (2011) | USA | CS | IPV support services (help-seeking group), Com |
822 m (302 IPV 520 com) | 18–59 IT: (40.49; 8.97) Com: (43.68; 10.88) |
CC | PMWI-DI | CTS2 | CTS2 | PTSD | PCL-C |
| * Hines and Douglas (2012) | USA | CS | IPV services (help-seeking group), Com | 822 m (302 IPV 520 Com) |
18–59 help-seek. (40.49; 8.97) Com: (43.68; 10.88) |
CC | PMWI-DI | CTS2 | CTS2 | Drug and Alcohol Use | NWS Alcohol and Drug Use scale |
| * Hines and Douglas (2018) | USA | CS | IPV support services (help-seeking group), Com |
2,212 m (611 IPV, 1601 Com) |
18–59 IPV: (43.89; 9.18), Com: (41.77; 11.35) |
CC | PMWI-DI | CTS2 | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression | PCL-C, CESD |
| * Ireland et al. (2017) | Australia | CS | Com: LGBTI | 287 LGBTI w and m | ≥18 (34.8; 11.2) | CC | MMEA (extended 44 items) | MMEA (extended 44 items) |
MMEA (extended 44 items) |
PTSD, Depression, Anxiety | PCL-C-SF, HAD |
| * Johnson and Leone (2005) | USA | CS—2nd | Com: NVAWS national survey |
4,967 w (81 IT) |
18–97 (44.55; 13.89) | CC | NVAWS-CC items | 12-items adapted from CTS | PTSD, Depression | IES (adapted), 8-items depression scale (based on SF-36) | |
| Johnson et al. (2014) | USA | CS—2nd | Com: NVAWS national survey | 7,782 w 6,908 m |
18–97 (46.91; 15.67) | CC | 12-items CC-Scale like PMWI | 12-items adapted from CTS | Depression | 8-items depression scale (based on SF-36) | |
| * Jones (2020) | USA | CS | Prison | 337 w | 18–65 | CC | based on CCMIPV | PTSD | PCL-C | ||
| * Jones et al. (2005) | USA | CS | DV services, medical and com | 172 w | 18–40 | CC | PMWI-DI-SF | PMWI-EV-SF, SOSPS | PTSD, Depression, Anxiety | PSDSWB BDI, BAI | |
| * Kapiga et al. (2017) | Tanzania | CS | Com | 1,021 w | 19–70 | CC, EA | WHOMCS-CC, EA items | WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Mental Health | SRQ-20 |
| * Lawrence et al. (2009) | USA | LO | Com: married couples | 103 w 103 m |
18–55 w: (25; 4.3) m: (26.4; 4.7) | CC | MMEA-RE | MMEA-total | Depression, Anxiety | BDI-II, BAI | |
| * Leone (2011) | USA | CS 2nd | CWHRS abused women subsample | 369 w | ≥18 (31; 9.62) | CC | PCS | PTSD, Depression, Suicidality |
PSS-I, MOS-4 items SI + SA combined 1item | ||
| * Levine and Fritz (2016) | Canada | CS | Shelter | 51 w | 19–58 (37) | CC | CBS-R | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression | PCL-C, BDI-II |
|
| * Lovestad et al. (2017) | Sweden | CS | Com: population sample | 573 w | 18–65 (42.7: 13.01) | CC | CBS-isolating control | WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Depression | self-report of 5 DSMIV indicators |
| * Ludermir et al. (2010) | Brazil | CS | Com: pregnant women from a family health program | 1,045 w | 18–49 | CC | WHOMCS-CC | WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Postnatal Depression | EPDS |
| * Ludermir et al. (2010) | Brazil | CS | Com: pregnant women from a family health program | 1,045 w | 18–49 | CC | WHOMCS-CC | WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Postnatal Depression | EPDS |
| Ludermir et al. (2014) | Brazil | CS | Com: pregnant women from a family health program | 1,120 w | 18–49 | CC | WHOMCS-CC | WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Mental Health | SRQ-20 |
| McCauley et al. (2014) | Cote d'Ivoire | CS | Com | 953 w | ≥18, (37.4) | RC | Based on Miller et al. (2010) | PTSD | HTQ | ||
| Mechanic et al. (2000) | USA | CS | DV support services | 114 w | 19–59 (35; 7.9) | (CC) ST |
SBC (PMWI-DI) | PMWI-EV | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression | PDS, BDI-II |
| * Mechanic et al. (2008) | USA | CS | DV support services | 413 w | 18–62 (34.5; 8.1) | CC, ST | PMWI-DI, SBC | PMWI-EV | PTSD, Depression | PDS, BDI-II | |
| Mutiso et al. (2020) | Kenya | CS | Com: Healthcare services | 5,448 w 2,862 m |
18–60+ | CC | WHOMCS-CC items |
WHOMCS | WHOMCS | Mental Health | MINI Plus |
| Newton (2021) | USA | CS | Com | 69 w | ≥18 (54.53; 3.19) | CC | PMWI-DI-SF | PMWI-DI-SF | CTS2 | PTSD—peritraumatic emotions | CAPS for DSM-IV |
| * Nielsen et al. (2016) | USA | CS | Com: Coparenting | 147 w | 20–54 (35.2) | CC | PMWI-DI-SF | PMWI-EV-SF | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression | PCL, CESD-SF |
| * Norwood and Murphy (2012) | USA | CS 2nd | DV support services | 216 w | 18–70 (34.0, 10.1) | CC | MMEA-RE | MMEA-total | CTS2 | PTSD | PCL-C-IPV |
| * Nnawulezi and Murphy (2019) | USA | CS | DV support services (archival data) | 228 w | 18–70 (34.23; 10.09) | CC | MMEA-RE | MMEA-total | CTS2 | PTSD | PCL-C-IPV |
| * Ogunbajo et al. (2020) | Nigeria |
CS |
Com |
389 m |
≥18 |
CC |
IPV-GBM monitoring controlling |
IPV-GBM |
IPV-GBM |
Depression, Suicidality, Anxiety |
CESD SI-1-item, SA-1-item GAD-7 |
| Peltzer et al. (2013) | South Africa | CS | IPV survivors who obtained a protective order | 268 w | 18–62 (28.8; 8.0) | ST | SVS, 10 items from HARASS |
SVAWS | SVAWS | PTSD, Depression Alcohol Use | PCL-C, CESD AUDIT-C |
| * Petra (2020) | USA | CS | Com | 222 w | 24–63 (33) | CC | MASIC-CC subscale | WAST | Depression, Anxiety | DASS-21 | |
| * Pickover et al. (2017) | USA | CS | IPV survivors, mental health research clinic | 284 w | ≥18 (37.84; 12.08) | CC | PMWI-DI-SF | PMWI-EV-SF | CTS2 | PTSD, Anxiety | LEC, IPV-related DSMIV-TR, ADIS-IV |
| Postmus et al. (2012) | USA | LO | Com | 2,305 w | ≥18 (25.8; 6.1) |
EA | Any EA in year 1 | Any psych. IPV in year 1 |
Any physic. IPV in year 1 |
Depression | CIDI-SF |
| Prospero (2008) | USA | CS | University students | 609 (361 w, 248 m) |
≥18 (21.44; 4.58) | CC | CBS-R | CTS2 | CTS2 | Mental Health | SQ |
| Prospero (2009) | USA | CS | University students | 573 (332 w, 241 m) |
≥18 (21.4; 4.37) |
CC | CBS-R | CTS2 | CTS2 | Mental Health | SQ |
| * Prospero and Kim (2009a) | USA | CS | University students | 560 (325 w, 235 m) |
≥18 (21.4; 4.37) |
CC, EA | CBS-R | CTS2 | CTS2 | Depression, Anxiety | SQ |
| Prospero and Kim (2009b) | USA | CS | University students | 676 (419 w, 257 m) |
≥18 (21.6; 4.66) |
CC, EA | CBS-R | CTS2 | CTS2 | Mental Health | SQ |
| * Reich et al. (2015) | USA | CS | IPV survivors—mixed recruitment | 105 w | ≥18 (36.94;12.68) | CC | PMWI-DI-SF | PMWI-EV-SF | CTS2 | PTSD | CAPS for DSM-IV |
| * Sackett and Saunders (1999) | USA | CS | DV support services | 60 w | ≥18 (34.7; 9.1) | CC | PPA-JC |
PPA | Depression, Anxiety | BDI 6-item Anxiety Scale |
|
| Sauber and O'Brien (2020) | USA | CS | DV support services, community | 147 w | ≥18 (34.7; 9.1) |
EA | SEA-12 | ABI | ABI | PTSD, Depression | PCL-C, CESD |
| Strauss et al. (2019) | USA | CS | University students | 357 (290 w, 67 m) |
18–25 (18.64; 1.13) | ST | 32-item validated ST measure | Alcohol and Drug Use | AUDIT DUDIT | ||
| * Street and Arias (2001) | USA | CS | Shelter | 63 w | 19–64 (32) | CC | PMWI-DI | PMWI-EV | CTS | PTSD, Depression | CMS, SCL-90-R |
| Stylianou (2018) | USA, Puerto Rico | LO | DV support services | 457 w | ≥18 (36; 9.15) |
EA | SEA-12 | ABI-R | ABI-R | Depression | CESD |
| * Taft et al. (2005) | USA | LO | Partners of IPV perpetrator group program participants | 96 w | 18–59 (34.0; 8.6) | CC | MMEA-RE | MMEA-total | CTS | PTSD | DIS for DSM-III |
| * Tiwari et al. (2015) | Hong Kong | CS | DV support services | 613 w | ≥20 | CC | CBS-R (Chinese) | C-AAS | PTSD, Depression | PCL-C (Chinese) BDI-II (Chinese) | |
| Voth Schrag et al. (2019) | USA | CS | University students | 435 w | ≥18 (27; 9.9) | EA | SEA-12 | ABI-R | PTSD, Depression |
PCL-5 LEC-5, CESD-SF |
|
| * Weaver and Etzel (2003) | USA | CS | DV support services | 62 w | ≥18 (34; 8.4) | CC | PMWI-DI-SF | PMWI-EV-SF | CTS2 | PTSD, Depression * | PDS, BDI-II |
| Wolf et al. (2018) | Denmark | CS | ST support services, groups | 196 w | 27–70 (40.82; 6.93) | ST | SBC | PMWI | PTSD | HTQ, TSC-33 | |
| * Wolford-Clevenger et al. (2017) | USA | CS | University students | 208 (107 w, 101 m) |
18–29 (19.61; 11.09) | CC | MMEA-RE | MMEA | CTS2 | Depression, Suicidal Ideation | PDSQ |
| * Wolford-Clevenger and Smith (2017) | USA | CS | Shelter | 134 w | 19–67 (32.50; 8.21) | CC | CIPRS | CTS2 (modified) | PTSD, Depression, Suicidal Ideation and Attempts | PCL-C, DASS-21 SI: MSSI SA: L-SASI |
|
Note. Study type: CS = cross-sectional; LO = longitudinal; 2nd = secondary data analysis; Sample: w = women; m = men; Age: M = mean; SD = standard deviation; IPV = intimate partner violence; DV = domestic violence; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; Type of coercive control: CC = coercive control; EA = economic abuse; RC = reproductive coercion; ST = stalking. Recruitment: Com = community sample (i.e., not specific IPV sample); NVAWS = National Violence Against Women survey (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1999); NISVS = The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (Smith et al., 2017); CWHRS = Chicago Women’s Health Risk Study (Block, 2000); WHES = Women’s Health Effects Study (Ford-Gilboe et al. 2009). IPV Measures: ABI = The Abusive Behavior Inventory (Shepard & Campbell, 1992); ABI-R = Abuse Behavior Inventory–Revised (Postmus et al. 2016b); CAS = Composite Abuse Scale (Hegarty et al.,1999, 2005); CAAS = Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen (Tiwari et al., 2007); CBS = Controlling Behaviors Scale (Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2003a); CBS-R = Controlling Behaviors Scale-Revised (Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2003b); CCMIPV = Coercive Control Measure for IPV (Dutton et al., 2005); CIPRS = Coercion in Intimate Partner Relationships Scale (Dutton et al., 2007); CTS = Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus, 1990); CTS2 = Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus et al., 1996); HARASS = Harassment of battered women (Sheridan, 1998); IPV-GBM = Intimate Partner Violence among Gay and Bisexual Men Scale (Stephenson & Finneran, 2013); MASIC = Mediator’s Assessment of Safety Issues and Concerns (Pokman et al., 2014); MMEA = Multidimensional Measure of Emotional Abuse (Murphy et al., 1999); MMEA-RE restrictive engulfment subscale; PCS = Power and Control Scale (Leone et al., 2007); PMWI, PMWI-SF = Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (Tolman, 1989;1999) with PMWI-DI = dominance/isolation subscale, PMWI-EV = emotional/verbal abuse subscale; PPA = Profile of Psychological Abuse (Sacket & Saunders, 1999); SEA-12 = Scale of Economic Abuse-12 (Postmus et al., 2016a); SBC = Stalking Behavior Checklist (Coleman, 1997); SRPS = Sexual Relationship Power Scale (Pulerwitz et al., 2002); SVAWS = Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (Marshall, 1992); SVS = Stalking Victimization Survey (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1999); WAST = Woman Abuse Screening Tool (Brown, 1996); WEB = Women’s Experiences with Battering (Smith et al., 1999); WHOMCS = WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women (Garcia-Moreno et al., 2005). PTSD: CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (Blake et al., 1990); CMS = The Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD (Vreven et al., 1995); DIS = Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III (Robins et al., 1982); HTQ = Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992); IES = Impact of Event Scale (Weiss & Marmar, 1997); ITQ = International Trauma Questionnaire (Cloitre et al., 2018); LEC = Life Events Checklist (Gray et al., 2004); LEC-5 = Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (Weathers et al., 2013a); PCL = PTSD Checklist (Blanchard et al., 1996); PCL-C = PTSD Checklist-Civilian (Weathers et al., 1993); PCL-C-SF = PTSD Checklist-Civilian Short Form (Lang & Stein, 2005); PCL-C-IPV = PTSD Checklist-Civilian Modified to IPV experience (Weathers et al., 1993); PCL-5 = The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (Weathers et al., 2013b); PCPTSD = Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Screen (Prins et al., 2003); PDS = The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (Foa et al., 1997); PSDSWB = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Battered Women (Saunders, 1994); PSS-I = PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (Foa, et al., 1993a); PSS-SR = PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report Version (Foa, et al., 1993b); TSC-33 = The Trauma Symptom Checklist (Briere & Runtz, 1989); TSC-26 = The Revised Trauma Symptom Checklist (Krog & Duel, 2003). Depression, Suicidality, Anxiety, Mental Health: ADIS-IV = Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-IV (Brown et al., 1994); BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988); BDI = Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961); BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996); BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis, 1993); CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977); CESD-SF = CESD Short Form (Andresen et al., 1994); CESD-R = (Eaton et al., 2004); CIDI-SF = International Diagnostic Interview, Short Form (Kessler et al., 1998); DASS-21 = The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995); EPDS = Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (Cox et al., 1987); GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (Spitzer et al., 2006); HAD = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983); HSCL-25= Hopkins Symptom Checklist (Parloff et al., 1954; Winokur et al., 1984); MINI Plus = International Neuropsychiatric Interview (Sheehan et al., 1997); MOS = Medical Outcome Study (Hays et al., 1995); PDSQ = Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (Zimmerman & Mattia, 2001); L-SASI = Lifetime-Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Count (Linehan et al., 2006); SA = Suicide Attempt SCL-90-R = Symptom Checklist 90 (Derogatis, 1983); SF-36 = Short-Form Health Survey (Ware & Sherbourne, 1992); SI = Suicidal Ideation; SQ = Symptom Questionnaire (Kellner, 1987); SRQ-20 = Self-reporting Questionnaire (Beusenberg et al.,1994); STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1983); Alcohol and Drug Use: AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Saunders et al., 1993); AUDIT-C = Alcohol Consumption Questions (Bush, 1998); CAGE = CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984); DUDIT = Drug Use Disorders Identification test (Stuart et al., 2003); MFDAQ = Monitoring the future drug and alcohol questionnaire (Bachman et al., 2011); NWS = National Women’s Study (Kilpatrick et al., 1997). References for these measures are provided in Supplemental Appendix D.
Studies included in the meta-analysis.