Table 2.
Odds ratios [95 % CI] for the main effect of father absence during different periods in childhood on binary indicators of depression diagnosis and depressive symptoms at 24 years.
| Risk factor: timing of father absence |
n |
Depression diagnosis (CIS-R) at 24 years (Reference = no depression diagnosis) |
n |
Depressive symptoms (SMFQ) at 24 years (Reference = no depressive symptoms) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father absence (Reference = Father present) | Unadjusted OR [95 % CI], p | Adjusteda OR [95 % CI], p | Unadjusted OR [95 % CI], p | Adjusteda OR [95 % CI], p | ||
| Early father absence (birth-5 years) | 2672 | 2.00 [1.39, 2.89], p ≤ 0.001 | 1.58 [1.07, 2.32], p = 0.021 | 2694 | 1.86 [1.40, 2.46], p ≤ 0.001 | 1.52 [1.13, 2.03], p = 0.006 |
| Later father absence (5–10 years) | 2435 | 1.13 [0.67, 1.90], p = 0.650 | 0.97 [0.57, 1.65] p = 0.906 | 2450 | 1.17 [0.80, 1.72], p = 0.424 | 1.04 [1.70, 1.54], p = 0.842 |
Note: aAdjusted for antenatal indicators of socioeconomic (parental social class, financial difficulties, maternal educational attainment, homeownership), maternal (depression) and familial (parental conflict) characteristics. OR: Odds ratio. CIS-R: Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. SMFQ: Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.