Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the association of urine BPA, triclosan, paraben, and phthalate metabolite measures with metabolic syndrome, overall and by race and ethnicity among women in the multiethnic cohort study
| Total Population n = 1728 |
African American n = 90 |
Japanese American n = 828 |
Latino n = 145 |
Native Hawaiian n = 287 |
Non-Hispanic White n = 378 |
P het | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS/ No MetS |
OR (95% CI) |
MetS/ No MetS |
OR (95% CI) |
MetS/ No MetS |
OR (95% CI) |
MetS/ No MetS |
OR (95% CI) |
MetS/ No MetS |
OR (95% CI) |
MetS/ No MetS |
OR (95% CI) |
||
| Bisphenol A | .35 | ||||||||||||
| ≤0.84 | 200/426 | 1.00 | 18/21 | 1.00 | 78/225 | 1.00 | 29/48 | 1.00 | 47/48 | 1.00 | 28/84 | 1.00 | |
| >0.84-≤1.76 | 158/388 | 0.93 (0.71-1.23) |
7/17 | 0.51 (0.15-1.75) |
69/193 | 1.05 (0.70-1.58) |
14/20 | 1.18 (0.49-2.86) |
37/67 | 0.60 (0.32-1.12) |
31/91 | 1.05 (0.55-2.04) |
|
| >1.76 | 160/392 | 0.96 (0.73-1.26) |
11/15 | 0.97 (0.29-3.24) |
70/193 | 1.14 (0.76-1.72) |
18/15 | 1.79 (0.74-4.35) |
36/51 | 0.71 (0.38-1.35) |
25/118 | 0.64 (0.33-1.26) |
|
| P trend | .71 | .51 | .69 | .96 | .71 | .44 | |||||||
| Triclosan | .61 | ||||||||||||
| ≤5.27 | 210/410 | 1.00 | 22/28 | 1.00 | 72/166 | 1.00 | 24/40 | 1.00 | 53/56 | 1.00 | 39/120 | 1.00 | |
| >5.27-≤20.57 | 160/369 | 0.87 (0.66-1.14) |
7/11 | 0.52 (0.14-1.98) |
73/196 | 0.86 (0.56-1.32) |
18/15 | 1.84 (0.73-4.65) |
35/61 | 0.51 (0.27-0.97)* |
27/86 | 0.91 (0.49-1.71) |
|
| >20.57 | 148/427 | 0.80 (0.60-1.06) |
7/14 | 0.70 (0.20-2.54) |
72/249 | 0.74 (0.49-1.13) |
19/28 | 1.47 (0.63-3.43) |
32/49 | 0.60 (0.31-1.16) |
18/87 | 0.70 (0.35-1.40) |
|
| P trend | .99 | .51 | .67 | .84 | .41 | .26 | |||||||
| ΣMEP parabens | .79 | ||||||||||||
| ≤47.51 | 230/395 | 1.00 | 12/13 | 1.00 | 84/176 | 1.00 | 21/17 | 1.00 | 65/84 | 1.00 | 48/105 | 1.00 | |
| >47.51-≤195.19 | 160/397 | 0.82 (0.62-1.07) |
10/20 | 0.80 (0.23-2.85) |
67/204 | 0.82 (0.54-1.23) |
27/26 | 0.82 (0.32-2.07) |
34/48 | 0.92 (0.51-1.68) |
22/99 | 0.81 (0.43-1.53) |
|
| >195.19 | 128/414 | 0.73 (0.55-0.97)* |
14/20 | 0.83 (0.25-2.78) |
66/231 | 0.81 (0.54-1.22) |
13/40 | 0.30 (0.11-0.79)* |
21/34 | 0.76 (0.38-1.53) |
14/89 | 0.80 (0.37-1.69) |
|
| P trend | .002** | .37 | .06 | .01* | .57 | .28 | |||||||
| Total parabens | .77 | ||||||||||||
| ≤49.26 | 229/396 | 1.00 | 12/13 | 1.00 | 84/179 | 1.00 | 21/16 | 1.00 | 64/83 | 1.00 | 48/105 | 1.00 | |
| >49.26-≤201.53 | 163/396 | 0.84 (0.64-1.10) |
10/21 | 0.79 (0.22-2.77) |
68/200 | 0.85 (0.57-1.28) |
27/27 | 0.77 (0.30-1.97) |
36/48 | 0.95 (0.53-1.73) |
22/100 | 0.81 (0.43-1.54) |
|
| >201.53 | 126/414 | 0.72 (0.54-0.96)* |
14/19 | 0.85 (0.25-2.85) |
65/232 | 0.80 (0.53-1.21) |
13/40 | 0.29 (0.11-0.77)* |
20/35 | 0.70 (0.35-1.42) |
14/88 | 0.84 (0.39-1.80) |
|
| P trend | .002** | .36 | .07 | .01* | .53 | .29 | |||||||
| MEHP% | .59 | ||||||||||||
| ≤5.49% | 187/360 | 1.00 | 11/13 | 1.00 | 71/174 | 1.00 | 25/26 | 1.00 | 44/52 | 1.00 | 36/95 | 1.00 | |
| >5.49-11.08% | 181/407 | 0.93 (0.71-1.23) |
16/17 | 0.77 (0.21-2.83) |
78/198 | 1.03 (0.68-1.55) |
19/29 | 0.72 (0.31-1.69) |
43/61 | 1.03 (0.55-1.92) |
25/102 | 0.79 (0.41-1.50) |
|
| >11.08% | 150/439 | 0.75 (0.56-0.99)* |
9/23 | 0.30 (0.08-1.19) |
68/239 | 0.74 (0.49-1.12) |
17/28 | 1.29 (0.50-3.31) |
33/53 | 0.85 (0.44-1.63) |
23/96 | 0.78 (0.40-1.52) |
|
| P trend | .09 | .06 | .22 | .62 | .42 | .77 | |||||||
| MEHP/(MEOHP + MEHHP) | .62 | ||||||||||||
| ≤9.76% | 176/359 | 1.00 | 12/14 | 1.00 | 64/170 | 1.00 | 26/24 | 1.00 | 42/52 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| >9.76-21.36% | 186/410 | 1.01 (0.77-1.34) |
16/17 | 1.00 (0.28-3.64) |
77/202 | 1.06 (0.69-1.62) |
21/30 | 0.68 (0.29-1.56) |
44/57 | 1.08 (0.58-2.01) |
1.16 (0.60-2.25) |
||
| >21.36% | 156/437 | 0.82 (0.62-1.08) |
8/22 | 0.22 (0.05-0.94)* |
76/239 | 0.89 (0.58-1.35) |
14/29 | 0.84 (0.32-2.21) |
34/57 | 0.85 (0.45-1.64) |
1.04 (0.53-2.04) |
||
| P trend | .18 | .04* | .56 | .56 | .21 | .99 | |||||||
| MEHP/(MECPP + MEHHP) | .79 | ||||||||||||
| ≤7.87% | 197/360 | 1.00 | 11/15 | 1.00 | 75/174 | 1.00 | 25/27 | 1.00 | 49/54 | 1.00 | 37/90 | 1.00 | |
| >7.87-16.86% | 174/412 | 0.91 (0.69-1.20) |
16/17 | 0.82 (0.23-2.94) |
75/199 | 0.99 (0.65-1.49) |
21/28 | 0.85 (0.37-1.95) |
37/58 | 0.98 (0.52-1.84) |
25/110 | 0.70 (0.37-1.34) |
|
| >16.86% | 147/434 | 0.73 (0.55-0.97)* |
9/21 | 0.37 (0.10-1.45) |
67/238 | 0.72 (0.47-1.09) |
15/28 | 1.13 (0.44-2.94) |
34/54 | 0.84 (0.44-1.58) |
22/93 | 0.73 (0.38-1.44) |
|
| P trend | .05 | .04* | .15 | .59 | .36 | .70 | |||||||
| Phthalic acid | .38 | ||||||||||||
| ≤36.90 | 159/386 | 1.00 | 8/9 | 1.00 | 82/239 | 1.00 | 12/19 | 1.00 | 39/46 | 1.00 | 18/73 | 1.00 | |
| >36.90-≤79.76 | 174/405 | 0.94 (0.71-1.25) |
9/23 | 0.19 (0.04-0.97)* |
74/195 | 1.05 (0.71-1.57) |
26/22 | 1.50 (0.54-4.15) |
34/61 | 0.71 (0.36-1.37) |
31/104 | 1.02 (0.49-2.12) |
|
| >79.76 | 185/415 | 0.92 (0.70-1.23) |
19/21 | 0.44 (0.10-2.01) |
61/177 | 0.95 (0.63-1.44) |
23/42 | 0.68 (0.25-1.83) |
47/59 | 0.75 (0.39-1.42) |
35/116 | 1.25 (0.61-2.56) |
|
| P trend | .42 | .77 | .82 | .15 | 0.97 | 0.53 | |||||||
| ΣDEHP | .39 | ||||||||||||
| ≤63.21 | 171/404 | 1.00 | 18/25 | 1.00 | 70/211 | 1.00 | 16/23 | 1.00 | 44/58 | 1.00 | 23/87 | 1.00 | |
| >63.21-≤133.05 | 194/399 | 1.14 (0.87-1.50) |
12/16 | 0.78 (0.25-2.44) |
77/209 | 1.09 (0.73-1.64) |
25/20 | 1.63 (0.62-4.29) |
45/57 | 1.10 (0.59-2.04) |
35/97 | 1.25 (0.64-2.44) |
|
| >133.05 | 153/403 | 0.89 (0.67-1.18) |
6/12 | 0.68 (0.18-2.60) |
70/191 | 1.11 (0.73-1.68) |
20/40 | 0.45 (0.17-1.14) |
31/51 | 0.77 (0.40-1.49) |
26/109 | 0.96 (0.48-1.93) |
|
| P trend | .59 | .67 | .58 | .06 | .89 | .36 | |||||||
| ΣHMWP | .13 | ||||||||||||
| ≤78.13 | 176/403 | 1.00 | 16/25 | 1.00 | 70/208 | 1.00 | 16/27 | 1.00 | 45/60 | 1.00 | 29/83 | 1.00 | |
| >78.13-≤149.24 | 188/387 | 1.11 (0.84-1.46) |
14/15 | 0.97 (0.31-3.01) |
71/200 | 1.07 (0.71-1.62) |
29/17 | 1.72 (0.66-4.52) |
47/56 | 1.32 (0.72-2.45) |
27/99 | 0.77 (0.40-1.51) |
|
| >149.24 | 154/416 | 0.85 (0.64-1.13) |
6/13 | 0.65 (0.17-2.43) |
76/203 | 1.12 (0.74-1.68) |
16/39 | 0.37 (0.14-0.97)* |
28/50 | 0.77 (0.40-1.48) |
28/111 | 0.74 (0.38-1.43) |
|
| P trend | .42 | .48 | .72 | .06 | .81 | .21 | |||||||
| ΣLMWP | .72 | ||||||||||||
| ≤64.00 | 163/384 | 1.00 | 7/5 | 1.00 | 82/230 | 1.00 | 6/11 | 1.00 | 41/63 | 1.00 | 27/75 | 1.00 | |
| >64.00-≤145.29 | 187/397 | 1.08 (0.81-1.42) |
14/14 | 0.42 (0.08-2.20) |
82/201 | 1.08 (0.73-1.60) |
21/24 | 2.28 (0.66-7.92) |
42/54 | 1.22 (0.66-2.27) |
28/104 | 0.88 (0.45-1.73) |
|
| >145.29 | 168/425 | 0.86 (0.64-1.15) |
15/34 | 0.19 (0.04-0.93)* |
53/180 | 0.86 (0.56-1.32) |
34/48 | 1.60 (0.50-5.19) |
37/49 | 0.91 (0.48-1.76) |
29/114 | 0.92 (0.47-1.79) |
|
| P trend | .06 | .04* | .21 | .45 | .93 | .40 | |||||||
| ΣLMHMPA | .57 | ||||||||||||
| ≤226.33 | 175/379 | 1.00 | 10/11 | 1.00 | 82/219 | 1.00 | 12/13 | 1.00 | 48/60 | 1.00 | 23/76 | 1.00 | |
| >226.33-≤442.34 | 173/397 | 0.98 (0.74-1.29) |
11/20 | 0.31 (0.07-1.29) |
74/194 | 1.17 (0.79-1.75) |
24/24 | 0.76 (0.25-2.30) |
33/54 | 0.72 (0.38-1.38) |
31/105 | 1.08 (0.55-2.12) |
|
| >442.34 | 170/430 | 0.78 (0.59-1.04) |
15/22 | 0.41 (0.10-1.62) |
61/198 | 0.84 (0.56-1.28) |
25/46 | 0.37 (0.13-1.09) |
39/52 | 0.71 (0.37-1.35) |
30/112 | 1.05 (0.53-2.07) |
|
| P trend | .06 | .19 | .45 | .08 | .68 | .26 | |||||||
Adjusted for breast cancer status, age (<65, ≥ 65–74, ≥ 75 years), BMI at urine collection (<25, ≥ 25–30, ≥ 30 kg/m2), and race and ethnicity (except in analyses stratified by race and ethnicity). All EDCs in units of ng/mg creatinine.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DEHP, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; het, heterogeneity; HMWP, high molecular weight phthalates; kg, kilograms; LMWP, low molecular weight phthalates; LMHMPA, low and high molecular weight phthalates and phthalic acid; m, meters; MECPP, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; MEHHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate; MEOHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MEP, methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparabens; MetS, metabolic syndrome; OR, odds ratio.
* P < .05 before Bonferroni corrections for multiple testing.
** P < .003 statistically significant after Bonferroni corrections for multiple testing.