Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs for the association of urine BPA, triclosan, paraben, and phthalate metabolite measures with metabolic syndrome by body mass index among women in the multiethnic cohort study
| BMI at urine collection <25 n = 788 |
BMI at urine collection ≥25-<30 n = 572 |
BMI at urine collection ≥30 n = 368 |
P het | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS/No MetS | OR (95% CI) | MetS/No MetS | OR (95% CI) | MetS/No MetS | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Bisphenol A | .29 | ||||||
| ≤0.84 | 29/239 | 1.00 | 79/137 | 1.00 | 92/50 | 1.00 | |
| >0.84-≤1.76 | 31/223 | 1.18 (0.68-2.05) | 68/114 | 1.08 (0.71-1.63) | 59/51 | 0.62 (0.37-1.04) | |
| >1.76 | 37/227 | 1.40 (0.83-2.39) | 59/113 | 0.96 (0.62-1.48) | 64/52 | 0.68 (0.41-1.13) | |
| P trend | .18 | .27 | .46 | ||||
| Triclosan | .50 | ||||||
| ≤5.27 | 35/218 | 1.00 | 83/125 | 1.00 | 92/67 | 1.00 | |
| >5.27-≤20.57 | 27/207 | 0.78 (0.45-1.35) | 58/118 | 0.67 (0.43-1.03) | 75/44 | 1.21 (0.74-2.00) | |
| >20.57 | 35/264 | 0.79 (0.47-1.33) | 65/121 | 0.73 (0.48-1.11) | 48/42 | 0.83 (0.49-1.40) | |
| P trend | .96 | .40 | .35 | ||||
| ΣMEP parabens | .33 | ||||||
| ≤47.51 | 34/186 | 1.00 | 86/130 | 1.00 | 110/79 | 1.00 | |
| >47.51-≤195.19 | 34/221 | 0.92 (0.55-1.56) | 69/129 | 0.79 (0.52-1.19) | 57/47 | 0.82 (0.50-1.35) | |
| >195.19 | 29/282 | 0.57 (0.33-0.98)* | 51/105 | 0.69 (0.44-1.08) | 48/27 | 1.08 (0.60-1.95) | |
| P trend | .04* | .01* | .63 | ||||
| Total parabens | .44 | ||||||
| ≤49.26 | 34/187 | 1.00 | 85/130 | 1.00 | 110/79 | 1.00 | |
| >49.26-≤201.53 | 33/221 | 0.92 (0.54-1.55) | 72/128 | 0.85 (0.56-1.28) | 58/47 | 0.83 (0.50-1.37) | |
| >201.53 | 30/281 | 0.60 (0.35-1.03) | 49/106 | 0.66 (0.42-1.04) | 47/27 | 1.06 (0.59-1.90) | |
| P trend | .04* | .01* | .66 | ||||
| MEHP% | .56 | ||||||
| ≤5.49% | 31/194 | 1.00 | 72/107 | 1.00 | 84/59 | 1.00 | |
| >5.49–11.08% | 36/227 | 0.98 (0.58-1.66) | 69/135 | 0.80 (0.52-1.22) | 76/45 | 1.10 (0.66-1.84) | |
| >11.08% | 30/268 | 0.65 (0.38-1.12) | 65/122 | 0.81 (0.52-1.25) | 55/49 | 0.70 (0.41-1.19) | |
| P trend | .75 | .20 | .12 | ||||
| MEHP/(MEOHP + MEHHP) | .43 | ||||||
| ≤9.76% | 27/194 | 1.00 | 72/106 | 1.00 | 77/59 | 1.00 | |
| >9.76-21.36% | 36/233 | 1.16 (0.67-1.99) | 68/131 | 0.80 (0.52-1.23) | 82/46 | 1.31 (0.79-2.18) | |
| >21.36% | 34/262 | 0.86 (0.50-1.48) | 66/127 | 0.77 (0.50-1.19) | 56/48 | 0.80 (0.47-1.37) | |
| P trend | .81 | .32 | .11 | ||||
| MEHP/(MECPP + MEHHP) | .60 | ||||||
| ≤7.87% | 33/185 | 1.00 | 74/111 | 1.00 | 90/64 | 1.00 | |
| >7.87-16.86% | 35/234 | 0.83 (0.50-1.40) | 70/135 | 0.82 (0.54-1.26) | 69/43 | 1.08 (0.64-1.80) | |
| >16.86% | 29/270 | 0.55 (0.32-0.94)* | 62/118 | 0.78 (0.51-1.21) | 56/46 | 0.78 (0.46-1.32) | |
| P trend | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.12 | ||||
| Phthalic acid | .60 | ||||||
| ≤36.90 | 37/244 | 1.00 | 64/105 | 1.00 | 58/37 | 1.00 | |
| >36.90-≤79.76 | 36/218 | 1.16 (0.71-1.92) | 66/128 | 0.90 (0.58-1.40) | 72/59 | 0.84 (0.48-1.46) | |
| >79.76 | 24/227 | 0.70 (0.40-1.21) | 76/131 | 0.98 (0.63-1.52) | 85/57 | 1.01 (0.58-1.74) | |
| P trend | .39 | .70 | .94 | ||||
| ΣDEHP | .29 | ||||||
| ≤63.21 | 33/234 | 1.00 | 65/119 | 1.00 | 73/51 | 1.00 | |
| >63.21-≤133.05 | 39/219 | 1.23 (0.74-2.04) | 73/136 | 0.98 (0.64-1.50) | 82/44 | 1.28 (0.76-2.17) | |
| >133.05 | 25/236 | 0.80 (0.46-1.40) | 68/109 | 1.06 (0.68-1.64) | 60/58 | 0.74 (0.44-1.26) | |
| P trend | .19 | .51 | .70 | ||||
| ΣHMWP | .56 | ||||||
| ≤78.13 | 34/232 | 1.00 | 67/120 | 1.00 | 75/51 | 1.00 | |
| >78.13-≤149.24 | 37/215 | 1.16 (0.70-1.94) | 71/128 | 1.01 (0.66-1.55) | 80/44 | 1.18 (0.70-2.00) | |
| >149.24 | 26/242 | 0.78 (0.45-1.35) | 68/116 | 1.01 (0.66-1.55) | 60/58 | 0.71 (0.42-1.20) | |
| P trend | .19 | .79 | .64 | ||||
| ΣLMWP | .92 | ||||||
| ≤64.00 | 36/221 | 1.00 | 68/121 | 1.00 | 59/42 | 1.00 | |
| >64.00-≤145.29 | 36/228 | 1.02 (0.61-1.69) | 71/114 | 1.15 (0.74-1.76) | 80/55 | 1.01 (0.59-1.72) | |
| >145.29 | 25/240 | 0.72 (0.41-1.26) | 67/129 | 0.91 (0.58-1.41) | 76/56 | 0.95 (0.55-1.65) | |
| P trend | .08 | .41 | .57 | ||||
| ΣLMHMPA | .25 | ||||||
| ≤226.33 | 38/217 | 1.00 | 66/121 | 1.00 | 71/41 | 1.00 | |
| >226.33-≤442.34 | 39/230 | 1.02 (0.62-1.68) | 70/115 | 1.09 (0.71-1.68) | 64/52 | 0.73 (0.42-1.25) | |
| >442.34 | 20/242 | 0.51 (0.29-0.92)* | 70/128 | 0.97 (0.63-1.49) | 80/60 | 0.78 (0.46-1.32) | |
| P trend | .046* | .54 | .61 | ||||
Adjusted for breast cancer status, age (<65, ≥ 65–74, ≥ 75 years), and race and ethnicity. All EDCs in units of ng/mg creatinine.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DEHP, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; het, heterogeneity; HMWP, high molecular weight phthalates; LMWP, low molecular weight phthalates; LMHMPA: low and high molecular weight phthalates and phthalic acid; MECPP, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; MEHHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate; MEOHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MEP, methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparabens; MetS, metabolic syndrome; OR, odds ratio.
* P < .05 before Bonferroni corrections for multiple testing.