Table 2.

Combined applications of ginsenosides against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Types	Cell lines/mice/patients	Ginsenosides and compounds	Physiological effects	Related mechanisms	Refs.
	SMMC-7721 cells	Rg3 and oxaliplatin	Inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis	Downregulates PCNA and cyclin D1-CDK4 compound	[48]
	SK-Hep1, HepG2, A549, and H322 cells	20(S)-Rg3 and doxorubicin	Inhibits autophagy	Changes in gene expression and activates of the CHOP transcription factor	[33]
In vitro	HepG2 and Huh7 cells	20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and Sorafenib	Suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis	Modulates PTEN/Akt signaling pathway	[51]
	HepG2 and Bel7404 cells	Ginsenoside Rg3 and sorafenib	Reduces cell viability, glucose consumption, and lactate levels	Regulates the HK2-mediated glycolysis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	[52]
	HepG2 and Huh7 cells	20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and sorafenib	Suppresses HCC cell proliferation and induces apoptosis	Modulates PTEN/Akt signaling pathway	[51]
In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	Nanoparticle conjugation of ginsenoside Rg3	Remodels of unbalanced gut microbiota and metabolism	N/A	[56]
	C57BL/6 mice	Rg3, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, and oridonin	Restores immune function, reduces angiogenesis, and retards proliferation	Inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR/AKT/epidermal growth factor receptor/protein kinase B/GSK3 signaling pathway.	[57]
In clinical	371 HCC patients	Ginsenoside Rg3 and sorafenib	Reduces cell viability, glucose consumption, and lactate levels	Regulates the HK2-mediated glycolysis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	[52]
	18 RCTs with 1308 HCC patients	Ginsenosides and TACE	Continuously benefits the efficacy and safety of TACE in HCC treatment	N/A	[55]