Table 1.
Basal characteristics of the study participants according to depression and sex
| Characteristic | Male (N=5,660) |
Female (N=7,800) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-9 <5 | PHQ-9 ≥5 | P-value | PHQ-9 <5 | PHQ-9 ≥5 | P-value | ||
| No. of participants | 4, 899 | 761 | 6,125 | 1,675 | |||
| Age (y) | 51.9±16.8 | 50.6±17.9 | 0.060 | 51.0±16.0 | 49.8±18.2 | 0.014 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5±3.3 | 24.1±3.6 | 0.013 | 23.5±3.5 | 23.3±3.7 | 0.051 | |
| Education | 0.004 | 0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 1,265 (25.8) | 231 (30.4) | 2,049 (33.5) | 639 (38.2) | |||
| High school graduate | 1,657 (33.8) | 267 (35.1) | 1,936 (31.6) | 501 (29.9) | |||
| Beyond high school | 1,977 (40.4) | 263 (34.6) | 2,140 (34.9) | 535 (31.9) | |||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Married | 4,012 (81.9) | 569 (74.8) | 5,411 (88.3) | 1,366 (81.6) | |||
| Unmarried | 887 (18.1) | 192 (25.2) | 714 (11.7) | 309 (18.5) | |||
| Income percentage | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Low (0%–25%) | 781 (16.0) | 189 (24.8) | 1,052 (17.2) | 438 (26.2) | |||
| Middle (25%–75%) | 2,617 (53.4) | 389 (51.1) | 3,213 (52.5) | 869 (51.9) | |||
| High (75%–100%) | 1,501 (30.7) | 183 (24.1) | 1,860 (30.4) | 368 (22.0) | |||
| Living alone | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 435 (8.9) | 121 (15.9) | 675 (11.0) | 271 (16.2) | |||
| No | 4,464 (91.1) | 640 (84.1) | 5,450 (89.0) | 1,404 (83.8) | |||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 1,184 (24.2) | 155 (20.4) | 5,634 (92.0) | 1,381 (82.5) | |||
| Former | 2,141 (43.7) | 262 (34.4) | 285 (4.7) | 146 (8.7) | |||
| Current | 1,574 (32.1) | 344 (45.2) | 206 (3.4) | 148 (8.8) | |||
| Alcohol drinking | 0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| High-risk drinking | 837 (17.1) | 167 (21.9) | 264 (4.3) | 125 (7.5) | |||
| Non-high risk drinking | 4,066 (82.9) | 594 (78.1) | 5,861 (95.7) | 1,550 (92.5) | |||
| Diet | |||||||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2,290.5±845.9 | 2,252.5±835.3 | 0.248 | 1,715.7±653.0 | 1,674.1±707.8 | 0.030 | |
| Protein intake (g/d) | 81.3±39.0 | 78.7±42.3 | 0.115 | 60.5±29.3 | 58.2±31.4 | 0.007 | |
| Fat intake (g/d) | 48.5±34.7 | 47.3±34.2 | 0.372 | 37.3±26.9 | 36.5±28.7 | 0.352 | |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 340.6±122.9 | 328.8±123.1 | 0.014 | 276.1±108.0 | 265.8±113.4 | <0.001 | |
| Diet quality | 1.196±0.521 | 1.148±0.526 | 0.018 | 1.063±0.500 | 1.010±0.506 | <0.001 | |
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal/d) | 1,558.4±231.1 | 1,557.7±243.6 | 0.944 | 1,250.0±123.9 | 1,251.2±143.1 | 0.757 | |
| Physical activity (kcal/d) | 283.6±418.0 | 304.8±568.7 | 0.322 | 173.4±254.4 | 178.4±324.6 | 0.560 | |
| Daily energy expenditure (kcal/d) | 1,841.9±512.6 | 1,862.6±662.6 | 0.412 | 1,423.4±297.7 | 1,429.6±381.1 | 0.539 | |
| Energy intake-expenditure balance (kcal/d) | 448.6±919.3 | 389.9±957.6 | 0.114 | 292.3±697.9 | 244.5±753.1 | 0.020 | |
| Pre-medical history | |||||||
| Diagnosed of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease | 302 (6.2) | 56 (7.36) | 0.239 | 182 (3.0) | 96 (5.7) | <0.001 | |
| Diagnosed of cancer | 205 (4.2) | 48 (6.3) | 0.011 | 324 (5.3) | 98 (5.8) | 0.402 | |
| On hypertension medication | 1,148 (23.4) | 181 (23.8) | 0.87 | 1,284 (21.0) | 349 (20.8) | 0.936 | |
| On diabetes mellitus medication | 456 (9.3) | 102 (13.4) | <0.001 | 428 (7.0) | 155 (9.2) | 0.002 | |
| On dyslipidemia medication | 484 (9.9) | 83 (10.9) | 0.416 | 747 (12.2) | 213 (12.7) | 0.594 | |
Values are presented as mean±standard error or number (%). P-values were calculated using t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables.
Patient Health Questionnaire-9.