Table 2.

Reported quinones from Cordia species

No	Compound structure and name	Species name	Plant part, extraction solvent	Pharmacological effect, IC50 /MIC (μM)/MIQ (μg)/Percentage of inhibition (%)	Positive control IC50/MIC (μM)/MIQ (μg)	Reference
1		C. millenii C. fragrantissima C. abyssinica C. gerascanthus C. gharaf C. goeldiana C. monoica C. platythyrsa	Heartwood, CHCl3; Wood, n-hexane	Antileishmanial L. major (4.1)	Amphotericin B (< 0.1)	[33, 72, 73, 79]
2		C. millenii C. globifera C. fragrantissima C. abyssinica C. gerascanthus C. gharaf C. goeldiana C. monoica C. platythyrsa	Heartwood, CHCl3; Roots, n-hexane; Wood, n-hexane	Antileishmanial L. major (2.5) Anticancer KB (6.0 ± 0.5) BC-1 (6.4 ± 0.8) NCI-H187 (0.4 ± 0.009) Vero cell line (1.7 ± 0.6)	Amphotericin B (< 0.1) Ellipticine 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4	[33, 72, 73, 79]
3		C. millenii C. globosa C. trichotoma C. fragrantissima C. abyssinica C. gerascanthus C. gharaf C. goeldiana C. platythyrsa C. rothii	Heartwood, CHCl3; Roots, n-hexane; Heartwood, EtOH; Wood, n-hexane	Antimalarial 0.2 ± 0.1 Antimycobacterial 1.5 Anticancer KB (1.5 ± 0.1) BC-1 (1.8 ± 0.1) NCI-H187 (0.2 ± 0.006) Vero cell line (1.4 ± 0.4) Antileishmanial L. panamensis (5.5)	Dihydroartemisinin (0.0012) Rifampicin 0.0047 Ellipticine 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 Amphotericin B (< 0.1)	[17, 33, 42, 72, 73, 79, 84]
4		C. millenii C. goeldiana C. platythyrsa	Heartwood, CHCl3	–	–	[33, 72]
5		C. millenii C. goeldiana C. platythyrsa	Heartwood, CHCl3	–	–	[33, 72]
6		C. millenii C. goeldiana C. platythyrsa	Heartwood, CHCl3	–		[33, 72]
7		C. millenii	Heartwood, CHCl3	Antitumor OVCAR-3 (0.8) HepG 2 (1) Antimicrobial (S.aureus) 6.25 Anti-inflammatory (Paw edema) 69	Doxorubicin (< 1) Oxacillin 0.39 Indomethacin 67	[33, 72, 86–88]
8		C. oncocalyx	Sapwood, EtOH	–	–	[32]
9		C. oncocalyx	Sapwood, EtOH	Neuroinhibitory	–	[32]
10		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	Neuroinhibitory	–	[32, 82]
11		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	Neuroinhibitory	–	[32]
12		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[32]
13		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[32]
14		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	Neuroinhibitory	–	[32, 82]
15		C. oncocalyx C. glazioviana	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[32, 34, 82]
16		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	Neuroinhibitory	–	[32, 82]
17		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	Neuroinhibitory	–	[32, 82]
18		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	Neuroinhibitory Cytotoxic PBMC (6.8 ± 3.0) HL-60 (11.2 ± 3.0) CEM (0.76 ± 0.05) Antimicrobial S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228™) 9.43 Analgesic	Doxorubicin 1.7 ± 1.1 0.03 ± 0.02 Etoposide (< 1) Vancomycin 1	[32, 83, 85, 92, 93]
19		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[32]
20		C. corymbosa C. curassavica	Roots, n-hexane; Roots, CH2Cl2	Antifungal C. albicans 3 C. cucumerinum 3 Larvicidal Aedes aegyphti 12.5	Nystatin 1 1 Plumbagin 6.25	[30, 77]
21		C. corymbosa C. linnaei C. polycephala C. curassavica	Roots, n-hexane; Roots, CH2Cl2	Anticancer HL-60 (2.2 ± 4.3) Antifungal C. albicans 3 D. cucumerinum 3 Larvicidal Aedes aegyphti 25	Doxorubicin 0.03 ± 0.05 Nystatin 1 1 Plumbagin 6.25	[4, 30, 77, 81]
22		C. linnaei C. corymbosa	Roots, CH2Cl2; Roots, n-hexane	–	–	[78, 81]
23		C. corymbosa	Roots, n-hexane	–	–	[78]
24		C. polycephala C. linnaei	Roots, n-hexane; Roots, CH2Cl2	Anticancer HL-60 (8.80 ± 9.30) Antifungal C. albicans 6 D. cucumerinum 3 Larvicidal Aedes aegyphti 12.50 Antileishmanial L. amazonensis (4.50 ± 0.30)	Doxorubicin (0.03 ± 0.05) Nystatin 1 1 Plumbagin 6.25 Amphotericin B (0.35 ± 0.05)	[4, 81, 89]
25		C. linnaei	Roots, CH2Cl2	Antifungal C. albicans 6 D. cucumerinum 1.5 Larvicidal Aedes aegyphti 50	Nystatin 1 1 Plumbagin 6.25	[81]
26		C. linnaei	Roots, CH2Cl2	Antifungal C. albicans 6 D. cucumerinum 3 Larvicidal Aedes aegyphti 25	Nystatin 1 1 Plumbagin 6.25	[81]
27		C. linnaei	Roots, CH2Cl2	–	–	[81]
28		C. curassavica C. leucocephala	Roots, CH2Cl2	Antifungal C. albicans 3 C. cucumerinum 3 Larvicidal Aedes aegyphti 25 Cytotoxic HL-60 (2.7) PBMC (10.4)	Nystatin 1 1 Plumbagin 6.25 Doxorubicin 0.03 1.7	[30, 90]
29		C. curassavica	Roots, CH2Cl2	Antifungal C. albicans 3 C. cucumerinum 3 Larvicidal Aedes aegyphti 12.5	Nystatin 1 1 Plumbagin 6.25	[30]
30		C. leucocephala	Roots, n-hexane	Anticancer SF 295 (4.6 ± 5.2)	Doxorubicin 0.4 ± 0.6	[3, 4]
31		C. leucocephala	Roots, n-hexane	–	–	[3]
32		C. polycephala	Roots, n-hexane	Anticancer HL-60 (1.5 ± 2.0)	Doxorubicin (0.03 ± 0.05)	[14]
33		C. polycephala	Roots, n-hexane	Anticancer HCT-8 (1.2 ± 1.5)	Doxorubicin (0.02 ± 0.03)	[4]
34		C. polycephala	Roots, CHCl3	–	–	[3]
35		C. anisophylla	Roots, CH2Cl2	Antifungal C. albicans (DSY262)  ≤ 5 μg	Miconazole 0.0006	[91]
36		C. globifera C. alliodora C. rothii	Roots, MeOH; Heartwood, acetone	Antimalarial 0.3 ± 0.0 Anticancer KB (6.9 ± 0.1) BC-1 (3.2 ± 0.2) NCI-H187 1.9 ± 0.1 Vero cell line (1.6 ± 0.4) Antileishmanial L. major (4.5)	Dihydroartemisinin (0.0012) Ellipticine 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 Amphotericin B (< 0.1)	[17, 36, 42, 73]
37		C. glazioviana	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[34]
38		C. glazioviana	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[34]
39		C. fragrantissima	Wood, MeOH	Antileishmanial L. major (81.4)	Amphotericin B (< 0.1)	[73, 79]
40		C. fragrantissima	Wood, MeOH	Antileishmanial L. major (2.7)	Amphotericin B (< 0.1)	[73, 79]
41		C. fragrantissima	Wood, MeOH	Antileishmanial L. major (> 25)	Amphotericin B (< 0.1)	[79]
42		C. glazioviana	Heartwood, EtOH	Anti-inflammatory (RAW 264.7) 50.34 ± 9.88	Dexamethasone 1.7 ± 0.04	[34]
43		C. glazioviana	Heartwood, EtOH	Anti-inflammatory (RAW 264.7) 105.83 ± 5.09	Dexamethasone 1.7 ± 0.04	[34]
44		C. glazioviana	Heartwood, EtOH	Anti-inflammatory (RAW 264.7) 66.73 ± 10.28	Dexamethasone 1.7 ± 0.04	[34]
45		C. globifera	Roots, n-hexane	Antimycobacterial 6.2 Antimalarial 2.1 ± 0.5 Anticancer NCI-H187 (0.5 ± 0.04)	Rifampicin 0.0047 Dihydroartemisinin (0.0012) Ellipticine 0.3	[17]
46		C. globifera C. alliodora C. fragrantissima	Roots, MeOH; Heartwood, acetone; Heartwood, ether; Wood, MeOH	Anticancer KB (12.0 ± 0.2) BC-1 (10.3 ± 0.2) NCI-H187 2.2 ± 0.8 Vero cell line 14.1 ± 1.4 Antileishmanial L. major (7.0)	Ellipticine 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 Amphotericin B (< 0.1)	[17, 36, 73, 74]
47		C. globifera	Roots, MeOH	–	–	[80]
48		C. globosa	Roots, EtOH	–	–	[5]
49		C. globosa	Roots, EtOH	–	–	[5]
50		C. globosa	Roots, CH2Cl2	Anticancer B16 (1.30) CEM (1.24) HL-60 (1.56)	Doxorubicin 0.03 0.02 0.02	[31]
51		C. globosa	Roots, CHCl3	–	–	[31]
52		C. alliodora	Roots, CH2Cl2	–	–	[29]
53		C. alliodora	Heartwood, acetone	–	–	[36]
54		C. alliodora	Heartwood, acetone	–	–	[36]
55		C. alliodora C. rothii	Heartwood, acetone; Roots, ethyl acetate	–	–	[36, 42]
56		C. alliodora	Heartwood, acetone	–	–	[36]
57		C. alliodora C. rothii	Heartwood, acetone; Roots, MeOH	–	–	[36, 42]
58		C. oncocalyx	Wood, EtOH	–	–	[92]
59		C. oncocalyx	Wood, EtOH	Antiproliferative CEM (1.5 ± 0.3)	Etoposide (< 1)	[93]
60		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[82]
61		C. americana	Heartwood, chloroform	–	–	[75]
62		C. americana	Heartwood, chloroform	–	–	[75]
63		C. elaeagnoides	Heartwood, ether	–	–	[76]
64		C. elaeagnoides	Heartwood, ether	–	–	[76]
65		C. elaeagnoides	Heartwood, ether	–	–	[76]
66		C. elaeagnoides C. globifera	Heartwood, ether; Roots, n-hexane	Antimalarial 3.6 ± 0.1	Dihydroartemisinin (0.0012)	[17, 76, 79]
67		C. elaeagnoides	Heartwood, ether	–	–	[76]
68		C. oncocalyx	Heartwood, EtOH	–	–	[94]
69		C. oncocalyx	Roots, MeOH	–	–	[94]
70		C. oncocalyx	Roots, MeOH	– –	–	[94]