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. 2023 Nov 23;14:7644. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43466-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a XPS of Ti 2p and Ru 3p for the bare TiO₂ and Ru/TiO_x. b, c Ru 3d XPS spectra of Ru/TiO_x, annealed RuO_x/TiO₂ and com. RuO₂/TiO₂ before OER stability test (b) and after OER stability test (c). d Ru K-edge synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of Ru/TiO_x before and after OER stability test using Ru foil and commercial RuO₂ as references. e Fourier-transformed (FT) k3-weighted χ(k)-function of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra for the Ru K-edge. f Relation between the Ru K-edge absorption energy (E₀) and valence states for Ru/TiO_x, Ru/TiO_x after OER stability test, Ru foil, and RuO₂. g–j Wavelet transforms for the k3-weighted EXAFS signals of Ru foil (g), RuO₂ (h), Ru/TiO_x (i) and Ru/TiO_x after OER stability test (j).