TABLE 1.
Mechanisms of resistance to chemo and radiotherapy in cancer.
| Treatment | Resistant types of cancer | Resistance mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Radiotherapy Chemotherapy whit temozolomide | Glioblastoma cancer | Unmethylated MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase) promoter | Mohammad et al. (2015), Gao et al. (2022) |
| Overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL | |||
| Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP), such as XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, ILP2, ML-IAP, and surviving | |||
| Overexpression of lncRNA (PDIA3P1) | |||
| Chemotherapy whit temozolomide | Melanoma | Activating mutations of BRAF serine/threonine kinase | Mohammad et al. (2015), Zhai et al. (2020) |
| Overactivation of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways | |||
| Overexpression of the positive regulator of Bcl-2, NF-κB | |||
| Activation of NLRP1 inflammasomes | |||
| Chemotherapy whit 5-fluorouracil | Colorectal cancer | Deregulation of Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and/or TGF-β signaling pathways involved in the proliferation and maintenance of CSCs | Blondy et al. (2020) |
| Overexpression of FasL that triggers Fas-mediated apoptosis of T cells | |||
| High expression and greater activity of some membrane drug transporters (MDR) such as MRP8/ABCC11, ABCC5, MRP7/ABCC10, and ABCB1 | |||
| Chemotherapy whit carboplatin, paclitaxel | Ovarian cancer | Overexpression of the alpha 1 chain of collagen type I (COL1A1) | Zhang et al. (2021b), Yang et al. (2021) |
| Upregulation of drug resistance protein CSAG2 by cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4 (CPEB4) | |||
| Chemotherapy whit paclitaxel, doxorubicin Radiotherapy | Breast cancer | Hypermethylation of the Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promoter by DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) | Gilreath et al. (2021), Xiang et al. (2021), Lin et al. (2022) |
| P-glycoprotein protein can pump doxorubicin out of MCF-7 cells | |||
| Overexpression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) | |||
| A hypoxic microenvironment that promotes resistance to radiotherapy | |||
| Radiotherapy | Prostate cancer | Alteration of the DNA damage repair system, cell cycle disorders, imbalance of redox homeostasis, EMT, CSC and hypoxia in the tumor nucleus | Lyu et al. (2023) |