. 2023 Nov 23;13:20610. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47106-8

Table 2.

Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for COVID-19 booster uptake among People with HIV at Southern Alberta Clinic.

Characteristics	Model 1: Likelihood of accepting any COVID-19 vaccine (N = 1693) versus no COVID-19 vaccines (N = 176)				Model 2: Likelihood of accepting a COVID-19 booster vaccine (N = 1001) versus primary series (N = 655)^A
Characteristics	Crude prevalence ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted prevalence ratio* (95% CI)	P-value	Crude prevalence ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted prevalence ratio** (95% CI)	P-Value
Age
< 40 years	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
40–50 years	1.00 (0.96–1.04)	0.961	1.00 (0.96–1.04)	0.979	1.07 (0.92–1.24)	0.365	1.16 (1.01–1.32)	0.032
50–60 years	1.01 (0.97–1.05)	0.615	1.01 (0.96–1.05)	0.810	1.47 (1.30–1.68)	< 0.001	1.39 (1.22–1.57)	< 0.001
> 60 years	1.03 (0.98–1.07)	0.261	1.02 (0.97–1.06)	0.477	1.89 (1.67–2.13)	< 0.001	1.61 (1.42–1.82)	< 0.001
Birth sex
Male	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Female	0.97 (0.94–1.01)	0.165	1.01 (0.97–1.06)	0.507	0.62 (0.55–0.70)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.80–1.03)	0.145
Ethnicity/race
Non–Hispanic White	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Non–Hispanic Black	1.02 (0.98–1.05)	0.302	1.08 (1.03–1.13)	0.003	0.46 (0.41–0.53)	< 0.001	0.63 (0.54–0.73)	< 0.001
First nations	1.01 (0.95–1.08)	0.744	1.10 (1.02–1.31)	0.015	0.64 (0.51–0.78)	< 0.001	0.88 (0.78–1.07)	0.193
Other/unknown^B	1.04 (1.00–1.08)	0.066	1.05 (1.01–1.09)	0.030	0.87 (0.79–0.95)	0.002	1.03 (0.94–1.13)	0.549
HIV acquisition risk category
MSM/Bisexual	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Heterosexual	0.94 (0.91–0.97)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.87–0.96)	< 0.001	0.57 (0.52–0.62)	< 0.001	0.81 (0.72–0.91)	< 0.001
PWID	0.90 (0.83–0.96)	< 0.001	0.93 (0.86–1.00)	0.056	0.74 (0.63–0.86)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.78–1.07)	0.276
Other/unknown^C	0.93 (0.86–0.99)	0.009	0.92 (0.85–0.99)	0.024	0.62 (0.50–0.76)	< 0.001	0.92 (0.75–1.13)	0.424
CD4 category
> 500 cells/mm³	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
200–500 cells/mm³	0.99 (0.97–1.02)	0.726	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.865	0.98 (0.90–1.06)	0.574	0.99 (0.92–1.07)	0.847
< 200 cells/mm³	0.97 (0.91–1.04)	0.404	1.04 (0.97–1.11)	0.282	0.69 (0.54–0.87)	0.002	0.79 (0.65–0.96)	0.019
No measurement	0.83 (0.76–0.89)	< 0.001	0.94 (0.88–1.01)	0.077	0.87 (0.74–1.02)	0.080	0.95 (0.81–1.10)	0.489
Viral load category
< 200 copies/mL	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
≥ 200 copies/mL	0.85 (0.77–40.92)	< 0.001	0.85 (0.78–0.94)	0.001	0.53 (0.41–0.70)	< 0.001	0.69 (0.53–0.91)	0.009
No measurement	0.71 (0.62–0.81)	< 0.001	0.76 (0.66–0.87)	< 0.001	0.71 (0.54–0.93)	0.014	0.89 (0.67–1.19)	0.435
Incarcerated
Never	Ref		–		Ref		Ref
Ever	0.95 (0.88–1.02)	0.182	–		0.78 (0.62–0.97)	0.028	0.87 (0.69–1.10)	0.240
Education level
< 12 years	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
12 years	1.02 (0.96–1.07)	0.544	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	0.938	1.23 (1.06–1.43)	0.003	1.16 (1.01–1.33)	0.034
> 12 years	1.07 (1.03– 1.12)	0.001	1.04 (0.99–1.09)	0.132	1.51 (1.33–1.73)	< 0.001	1.20 (1.06–1.36)	0.005
Unknown	0.96 (0.89–1.03)	0.284	0.95 (0.88–1.03)	0.212	1.00 (0.81–1.23)	0.992	1.06 (0.88–1.29)	0.522
Location^D
Metropolitan	Ref		Ref		Ref		–
Non-Metropolitan	0.95 (0.91–0.99)	0.011	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	0.183	1.05 (0.95–1.15)	0.327	–
Housing status
Stable housing	Ref		–		Ref		–
Unstable housing/homeless	0.95 (0.88–1.02)	0.182	–		0.92 (0.80–1.07)	0.295	–
Body mass index
< 25 kg/m²	Ref		–		Ref		Ref
≥ 25 kg/m²	1.03 (0.99–1.06)	0.150	–		1.02 (0.94–1.11)	0.680	1.05 (0.98–1.14)	0.169
Measurement missing	0.99 (0.94–1.04)	0.629			0.70 (0.60–0.82)	< 0.001	0.87 (0.75–1.01)	0.072
History of substance use
Never	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Ever	0.94 (0.90–0.99)	0.026	0.96 (0.91–1.00)	0.049	1.03 (0.92–1.15)	0.629	0.90 (0.81–0.99)	0.033
Comorbidities (vs. without these conditions)
Malignancy	1.02 (0.97–1.07)	0.416	–	0.889	1.31 (1.18–1.44)	< 0.001	1.02 (0.93–1.12)	0.620
Hypertension	1.03 (0.99–1.07)	0.149	–	0.907	1.26 (1.15–1.38)	< 0.001	1.03 (0.94–1.12)	0.469
Renal disease	1.03 (0.96–1.11)	0.382	–	0.795	1.30 (1.12–1.51)	0.001	0.98 (0.86–1.13)	0.823
Cardiovascular disease	1.04 (0.97–1.10)	0.283	–	0.263	1.39 (1.22–1.57)	< 0.001	1.08 (0.97–1.21)	0.175
Asthma or COPD	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	0.985	–	0.220	1.21 (1.10–1.34)	0.001	1.04 (0.95–1.15)	0.398
Diabetes mellitus	1.06 (1.02–1.10)	0.001	–	0.643	1.11 (0.99–1.26)	0.077	0.92 (0.82–1.02)	0.117

Bold signals statistically significant p-values (<0.05).

Ref—Reference group, CI—confidence interval, MSM—men who have sex with men, PWID—people who use injection drugs, COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

*Model 1 was adjusted for age as of June 1, 2022, sex, race/ethnicity, HIV acquisition risk, highest education level, lowest CD4 count and highest viral load measure over vaccination period, location and substance use.

**Model 2 was adjusted for age as of June 1, 2022, sex, race/ethnicity, HIV acquisition risk, highest education level, lowest CD4 count and highest viral load measure over vaccination period, incarceration history, Body Mass Index and all listed comorbidities including substance use.

^APrimary series defined as receiving 2 COVID-19 vaccinations, Booster dose defined as receiving 3 or more COVID-19 vaccinations.

^BOther Ethnicity/Race includes Hispanic, East-Asian, West-Asian, Indo-Asian, or other.

^COther HIV risk acquisition group includes blood transfusion, hemophilia or perinatal transmission.

^DLocation defined as most recent place of residence, metropolitan (city of > 1 million people) or non-metropolitan(< 1 million people).