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. 2023 Nov 24;21:847. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04737-9

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Direct Acyclic Graph illustrating core MR assumptions. The three core MR assumptions are: (i) the genetic instrument is robustly associated with the drug target, (ii) the genetic instrument is independent of any confounders, (iii) the genetic instrument influences IOP/POAG exclusively via the drug target (or factors downstream of the drug target). In the Wald ratio method, the instrument-outcome association (B_GY) is divided by the instrument-exposure association (B_GX). IOP intraocular pressure, POAG primary open-angle glaucoma. The broken lines represent forbidden pathways that constitute violations of the MR assumptions