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. 2023 Nov 17;13(22):3558. doi: 10.3390/ani13223558

Table 1.

Least square means estimates and their standard errors (SE) for the interaction term (virtual fence status (VF-Status) × Period) illustrating daily travel distances, area exploration, and activity levels in virtual-fence-collared nursing Brangus cows. The p-values indicate the significance of the main effects of VF-Status (virtual fence deactivated collar status (VF-Off) vs. virtual fence activated collar status (VF-On)), Period (representing two 6-day Periods with each composed of 3 days of VF-Off followed by 3 days of VF-On), and the interaction effect.

Period 1 Period 2 SE p-Value
VF-Off VF-On VF-Off VF-On VF-Status Period Interaction
Dist (m) 946.28 679.19 821.31 616.75 84.06 <0.01 <0.01 0.14
Area (m2) 1956.87 1277.30 2007.40 1110.25 128.01 <0.01 0.31 0.06
Activity 18,406 15,510 16,194 14,465 1371.71 <0.01 <0.01 0.19