Table 1.
The bioactive components of bee products.
Bee Products | Bioactive Components | References |
---|---|---|
Propolis | Resin (50–70%), oil and wax (30–50%), pollen (5–10%), and amino acids (2.9%) such as methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Sugar (31%), carboxylic acid (17%), terpenoid (14%), aldehyde (~6%), and hydrocarbon (~6%). Phenolics (13.2 mg/mL), flavonoids (34.5 mg/mL), minerals such as magnesium and calcium, vitamins such as B, C, and E, aromatic and essential oils (10%). | [16,17,18] |
Pollen | Protein (23% on average) includes essential amino acids (10%) such as methionine, histidine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Digestible carbohydrates (30% on average), sugars (26%) mainly glucose and fructose, and essential fatty acids (~5%). | [19,20,21] |
Royal Jelly | Proteins (18%), carbohydrates (15%), sugar (~13%) mainly glucose and fructose, lipids (6%), trace minerals such as copper and iron, water-soluble vitamins such as B and C. Free amino acids such as methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and valine. | [22,23] |
Venom | Melittin (50%), phospholipase A2 (16%), apamin (2%), adolapin (1%), and hyaluronidase. Amino acids such as histidine, alanine, cysteine, glutamic acid, and tyrosine. Sugars, phospholipids, biogenic amines such as histamine and dopamine, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, volatile compounds, and pheromones. | [24,25,26,27] |