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. 2023 Nov 9;12(11):1608. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12111608

Figure 4.

Figure 4

The anti-inflammatory mechanism of citral is attributed to the inhibition of NF-κβ signaling. Citral activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) and inhibits IκB phosphorylation, which independently blocks NF-κβ activity with the consequent inhibition of gene expression of the inflammatory mediator [109,110,111,112,113].