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. 2023 Oct 26;13(11):1580. doi: 10.3390/biom13111580

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Long-term influences of low-intensity vestibular noise stimulation on locomotor recovery following bilateral labyrinthectomy. Comparison of changes in locomotor performance within a period of 60 days following BL in the nGVS group (dark green and black circles) vs. the sham stimulation group (light green and gray circles). Spatiotemporal gait parameters (A–F) of locomotor performance assessed on days 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 post-BL. Locomotion analysis on these days was performed ahead of a 30 min long treatment with nGVS or sham stimulation. Compared to baseline, BL results in a slowdown of locomotion (A,C,E) with a broadened base of support and increased gait variability (i.e., CV; (D,F)). Locomotor alterations are more pronounced for hindlimbs. Following BL, impaired locomotion performance steadily recovers close to baseline levels. Repeated nGVS interventions only marginally influence the long-term course of locomotor recovery post-BL ((D), left column). Abbreviations: nGVS: noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation; BL: bilateral labyrinthectomy; CV: coefficient of variation; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.