Table 1.
Pharmacokinetic characteristics of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists.
| Parameters | Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liraglutide | Exenatide | Dulaglutide | Semaglutide | Lixisenatide | |
| Molecular Weight [kDa] | 3.8 | 3.7 | 59.7 | 4.1 | 3.3 |
| Cmax | 1.6 ng/mL | 300 ug/mL | 51.6 ng/mL | 3.4 ng/mL | 35 ng/mL |
| The volume of distribution [L] | 11–17 | 28 | 3.09–6 | 8–9.4 | 100 |
| Tmax [h] | 9–12 | 2.4 | 90 | 165–184 | 3 |
| Bioavailability [%] | 55 | 22–25 | 47–65 | 89 | N/A |
| Ability to cross the BBB | YES | YES | NO | NO | YES |
| References | [106,107,108] | [106,109,110,111,112,113,114] | [106,115] | [106,116,117,118] | [106,110,119,120,121] |
Explanation of abbreviations: Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; Tmax, time to reach maximum concentration; NA, not available.