Table 2.
Modified Downs and Black quality index results and total score.
| Quality items | Ebrahimabadi et al., 2022 [29] | Yousefi et al., 2020 [41] | Fraser et al., 2019 [21] | Ebrahimabadi et al., 2018 [26] | Ebrahimabadi et al., 2017 [22] | Hass et al., 2010 [30] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reporting | Q1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Q3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Q4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Q6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Q7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Q8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| External Validity | Q11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Q12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q13 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Internal Validity–Bias |
Q14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Q15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Q19 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Internal Validity–Confounding |
Q21 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Q22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Q23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Q24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Power | Q27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 11 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 10 |
Quality items = Q1: Hypothesis/Aim. Q2: Main Outcomes in Method/Introduction. Q3: Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria. Q4: Description of Interventions. Q5: Description of principal confounders. Q6: Main Findings. Q7: Random Variability. Q8: adverse events. Q9: Lost to Follow-Up. Q10: Actual Probability Values. Q11: Representative of the Entire Population (subjects asked to participate in the study). Q12: Representative of the Entire Population (subjects who were prepared to participate) Q13: Representative of the treatment (staff, places, and facilities). Q14: Blind Study Subjects. Q15: blind those measuring. Q16: data dredging Q17: analyses adjust for different lengths of follow-up of patients. Q18: Statistical Tests Appropriated Q19: reliable compliance with the intervention. Q20: Outcome Measures Used Accurate Q21: patients in different intervention groups or from the same population? Q22: same period of time Q23: Random Allocation Q24: assignment concealed Q25: adequate adjustment for confounding Q26: Losses of Patients to Follow-up. Q27: Estimate of Statistical Power.