Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Reference | Study Design | Participants | Diagnosis of PwD | Age (Mean ± SD) of PwD | % Walking Aid | % Male PwD | Living Situation | Focus on | Type of PA | Duration of PA Intervention (Weeks) | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barrado-Martín, Heward, Polman and Nyman [54] | Qualitative semi-structured interviews; thematic approach | 22 PwD 24 caregivers |
15 AD 6 mixed 1 Frontal |
79.0 ± 6.5 | 27% WA | 55 | Community dwelling | Adherence | Tai Chi | 20 | UK |
| Barrado-Martín, Heward, Polman and Nyman [55] | Qualitative observations; thematic analyses | 10 PwD 10 caregivers |
9 AD 1 mixed |
78.2 ± 5.4 | 0% WA | 50 | Community dwelling | Acceptability | Tai Chi | 3–4 | UK |
| Dawson, Judge and Gerhart [53] | Randomized controlled intervention trial | 23 PwD | NA MMSE 20.8 ± 5.0 |
73.9 ± 9.1 | NA | 43.5 | Community dwelling | Facilitation | Functional exercise program (strength and balance) | 12 | USA |
| Donkers, van der Veen, Vernooij-Dassen, Nijhuis-van der Sanden and Graff [50] | Qualitative design; thematic analysis | 14 PwD 14 caregivers |
4 Memory problems 1 MCI 6 AD 3 VaD MMSE 10–24 |
80.0 ± 9.1 | 79% WA | 42.9 | Community dwelling | Delivery | Social Fitness Programme | 12 | The Netherlands |
| Hancox, Van Der Wardt, Pollock, Booth, Vedhara and Harwood [56] | Qualitative semi-structured interviews; thematic analysis | 20 PwD 19 caregivers |
1 MCI 9 AD 4 VaD 4 mixed 2 unknown MMSE 25.1 ± 3.0 |
76.6 ± 6.6 | NA | 80 | Community dwelling | Adherence | Strength and balance exercises | 12–16 | UK |
| Henskens, Nauta, Scherder, Oosterveld and Vrijkotte [58] | Quantitative NCT and qualitative process evaluation | 61 PwD | 34 AD 7 VaD 6 mixed 14 unknownMMSE 9.8 ± 5.1 (int) and 6.5 ± 5.2 (contr.) |
86.5 ± 7.1 84.2 ± 4.7 |
NA | 18.9 29.9 |
Nursing home | Delivery | Movement-oriented restorative care | 52 | The Netherlands |
| Henwood, Neville, Baguley and Beattie [59] | Quantitative NCT | 46 PwD | NA | 82.4 ± 6.6 | NA | 40 | Nursing home | Delivery | Aquatic exercise program | 12 | Australia |
| Kruse, Cordes, Schulz and Wollesen [60] | Quantitative uncontrolled study and qualitative interviews | 15 PwD | NA | 82 (range 75–90) | NA | 36 | Nursing home | Feasibility | Multicomponent intervention | 16 | Germany |
| MacAndrew, Kolanowski, Fielding, Kerr, McMaster, Wyles and Beattie [57] | Qualitative interviews; thematic analysis | 7 PwD | NA | 77.0 ± 10.2 | NA | 43 | Nursing home | Feasibility | Walking programme | 3 | Australia |
| Sondell, Rosendahl, Gustafson, Lindelöf and Littbrand [51] | Randomized controlled trial | 93 PwD | 34 AD 36 Vascular 8 Mixed 15 other MMSE 15.4 ± 3.4 |
84.4 ± 6.2 | 81% WA | 24.7 | Nursing home | Applicability | High-intensity functional exercise program | 16 | Sweden |
| Tak, van Uffelen, Paw, van Mechelen and Hopman-Rock [52] | Randomized controlled trial and qualitative interviews | 134 PwD | 134 MCI MMSE 28.4 ± 1.4 |
74.8 ± 2.9 | NA | 59 | Community dwelling | Adherence | Aerobic exercises | 52 | The Netherlands |
| Teri, Logsdon, McCurry, Pike and McGough [61] | Quantitative design and qualitative interviews | 255 PwD 20 case manager 10 AAAs |
255 AD MMSE 15.6 ± 7.1 |
81.3 ± 7.7 | NA | 51 | Community residing | Delivery | Multicomponent intervention | 6 | USA |
| Yu and Kolanowski [62] | Quantitative uncontrolled trial | 2 PwD | 2 AD MMSE 17 and 25 |
75 86 |
NA | 50 | Community dwelling | Feasibility | Aerobic exercises | 8 | USA |
Abbreviations: AAAs = Area Agencies on Aging; AD = Alzheimer’s Disease; contr. = control group; int. = intervention group; MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment; Mixed = mostly Vascular and Alzheimer’s; NA = not available/not announced; NCT = nonrandomized controlled trial; PwD = people with dementia; VaD = Vascular Dementia; WA = walking assistant.