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Intrapersonal level
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| Physical or Mental Health |
Physical health:Mental health:
Problems with cognition; attention, memory and confusion [54,56,62,63] Lack of motivation [50,51,62] Disruptive behaviour PwD [35,62] Emotional barriers (fear) [51,63] Depressive symptoms and negative feelings [64] Low sense of efficacy PwD (or caregiver) [55] Lack of confidence at home [55] Mental well-being [41]
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Perceived/experienced physical benefits [35,41,50,52,55,56,57,58,61,65] Improve or maintain physical function/physical well-being [35,63,66] Expectation/belief in possible physical benefits [54,56] Meaningful purpose of PA [56,63] (Awareness of) diagnosis [66]
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Physical health:Adapt exercises to physical capabilities/PwD’ needs [51,55,58,60,61,63]
Mental health:
Strategies to overcome memory problems (memory aids) [35,53,55,56] Mental strategy [35,63] Behavioural problem solving [61]
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| Individual preferences |
Negative perception/dislike of specific PA [52,55]
Boredom or lack of enthusiasm [53]
Not enjoying PA [54]
Lack of accommodating PA (to preferences) [52]
Difficulty finding appropriate activities [50]
Dislike of structured exercise [65]
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Enjoyment of PA [57,66,67] Positive (past) association/experience with PA [41,56,64]
Using preferred or familiar activities/hobbies [53,58]
Sense of commitment [54] Assist with research [65]
PwD chooses PA [53]
Activities related to everyday life [60]
Minimize caregiver burden [65] Desire and need to go outdoors [63]
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Interpersonal level
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| General support from informal caregiver, family or health professional |
Caregiver factors (burden, doubts) [50,62,64,65] Concerns regarding safety [41,62]
Caregiver and PwD not living together [54]
Lack of practical and emotional support [56]
Lack of guidance [55]
Forced/no freedom [64] Relationship dynamics [41] Perceived disruptive behaviours by family [62]
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Caregiver/family support/dyadic approach [41,54,55,56,60,62,65,66] Advice, feedback and support experts [50,54,56,58,65]
Quality/trained of instructor/staff [52,55,58,62]
Trusting relationship trainer, PwD and caregiver [50,62]
Practical strategies [35,63] Educating caregiver and PwD [61,62]
Positive feedback/environment [55]
Attitude of the spouse towards PA [66] Positive experience of spouse [66] Community walking groups [64] Volunteer walking guides [64] Dog walking [64]
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| Support from staff in nursing homes |
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Benefits for staff [57,58]
Staff prepared to deliver PA [58,59]
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| Social identification |
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Social participation/connectedness [41,50,55] Being with people in the same situation [66,67] Networking [62]
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Community level
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| Structural and organizational factors |
Limited organized activities [50,62] Practical reasons (time, location) [52,66] Competing commitments (activities, holiday) [54] Obtain collaboration from care practitioner for medical clearance [62] Lack of resources, space/storage/time [67] Logistical barriers: transportation [66]
Strict timing of walks [57]
Amount of content delivered [55]
Armrests of chairs [60]
Costs [52]
Collaboration between experts [50]
Difficulty transferring dyads to expert [50]
Understanding protocol [61]
Adhering to time schedule [61]
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Development of habit/daily routine [35,54,56,64]
Intervention accommodation [60]
Instruction methods [53,58,60]
Program characteristics [51,52,65]
Individual supervision [60]
Low-cost opportunity PA [50]
Tele-health is easy to use [67] Providing transportation [62] Exercise recording [65] Slow introduction of new activities [64] Norms and public health recommendations [63]
Support for AAA agencies [61]
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| Physical environment |
Environment (weather, inaccessible, not safe) [41,57,63,64] Difficulty finding the way [35] Being away from home [65]
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