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. 2023 Oct 27;12(11):1373. doi: 10.3390/biology12111373

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Comparison of mean vessel number (VN, A), vessel density (VD, B), cumulative area of all counted vessels (CTA, C), mean percentage of conductive area within xylem (RCTA, D), mean vessel area per rings (MVA, E), theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kh, F), theoretical xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks, G), and overall mean hydraulic diameter (Dh, H) of the xylem of F. mandshurica (fm) and Q. mongolica (qm) between urban (NF) and rural (LM) areas. The significance values of the xylem anatomical characteristics are indicated. NS. no significant difference; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.