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. 2023 Nov 11;12(22):2608. doi: 10.3390/cells12222608

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The major sarcopenia-related signaling pathways in myofibers. Arrows designate pathway activation and bars designate inhibition. Target genes that are linked to skeletal muscle wasting are also shown. Abbreviations: MSTN: Myostatin, IGF-1: Insulin growth factor-1, IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1, PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mToR: mammalian target of rapamycin, P70S6K: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1, 4EBP1: Eukaryotic translational initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase, ALK4/5: Activin receptor type-1B, FoxO1,3,4: Forkhead box O1,3,4, PDK: 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, TSC: Tuberous sclerosis 1, Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in brain, ATG13: Autophagy-related protein 13, Ulk1/2: Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinases 1 and 2, eIF4E: Eukaryotic translational initiation factor 4E.