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Functional autoAbs against AT1R and ETAR in SSc. The activated receptors initiate signaling pathways (involving kinases, such as RAS, MEK and ERK pathways), that regulate the transcription of various genes for adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines and ECM proteins. The interaction between receptors, such as the heterodimerization of AT1R and ETAR, can lead to receptor hypersensitization (adapted after [9]).
