Table 1.
Pre-operative characteristics of the included studies.
| Authors (Years) | Number of Patients | Study Type | Inclusion Criteria | Age Median, Years |
Initial Local Therapy Type n (%) |
Pre-sRP ADT n (%) |
Clinical Staging n (%) | Pre-sRP Biopsy n (%) ≥ISUP 4 |
Pre-sRP PSA Median (ng/mL) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤T2 | T3≥ | |||||||||
| Kaouk et al. (2008) [13] | 4 | Retrospective | -a life-expectancy of >10 years -biopsy confirmed recurrence of PCa |
NA | -BT 2 (50) -BT/EBRT 2 (50) |
2 (50) | 3 (75) | NA | 1 (25) | Mean 3.84 |
| Liatsikos et al. (2008) [14] | 12 | NA | -proven biochemical failure of other alternative therapeutic approaches | Mean 63.3 | -HIFU 4 (33) -EBRT 6 (50) -BT 2 (17) |
NA | NA | NA | Mean 12.7 | |
| Kim et al. (2008) [15] | 7 | NA | Biopsy proven, local recurrences | Mean 65.5 | -EBRT 6 (86) -IMRT 1 (14) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | Mean 14.3 |
| Boris et al. (2009) [16] | 11 | Retrospective | -TRUS-guided prostate biopsies that showed persistent cancer after RT -negative preoperative CT and bone scans |
Mean 65 | -BT6 (55) -EBRT 3 (27) -BT/EBRT 1 (9) -IMRT 1 (9) |
0 (0) | 11 (100) | 0 (0) | 3 (27) | Mean 5.2 |
| Seabra et al. (2009) [17] | 42 | Prospective | -biopsy confirmed Recurrence of PCa | 61 | -EBRT | NA | 42 (100) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | Mean 1.5 |
| Leonardo et al. (2009) [18] | 32 | NA | a life expectancy of more than 10 years, absence of systemic disease and persistent PCa detected by biopsy | 63 | -EBRT | 5 (16) | 25 (78) | 7 (22) | 12 (37.5) | 13 |
| Nunez-Mora et al. (2009) [19] | 9 | NA | All recurrence was histologically confirmed | 59.3 | -BT 5 (55.5) -EBRT 4 (44.5) |
1 (11) | NA | 6 (67) | 9.1 | |
| Paparel et al. (2009) [20] | 146 | Retrospective | -A life expectancy >10 yr -clinically localized prostate cancer determined by biopsy -absence of significant voiding symptoms or urinary incontinence -a negative evaluation for systemic disease |
65 | radiation therapy | NA | 58 (42) | 79 (58) | 16 (11) | 5.1 |
| Heidenreich et al. (2010) [21] | 55 | NA | -A life expectancy >10 yr -clinically organ-confined disease -Absence of locoregional and systemic metastases, -PSA 20 ng/mL |
(3D) EBRT: 19 (34.5) EBRT + BT: 15 (27.5) Seed implantation: 21 (38) |
NA | 44 (80) | 11 (20) | 10 (18.) | <10: 45 (82) 10.1–20: 10 (18) |
|
| Strope et al. (2010) [22] | 6 | Prospective | -biopsy documented locally recurrent or radiation-resistant prostate cancer -Only patients with no evidence of metastatic disease on bone scan and CT scan |
NA | -BT 2 (34) -EBRT 4 (66) |
NA | NA | 2 (34) | Mean 9.3 |
|
| Eandi et al. (2010) [23] | 18 | Retrospective | -Biochemical failure after irradiation |
67 | -BT 8 (44) -EBRT 8 (44) -PBT 2 (12) |
4 (22) | NA | 6 (33) | 6.8 | |
| Chauhan et al. (2011) [24] | 15 | Retrospective | -had biopsy-proven recurrent PCa | 62 | -EBRT 5 (33) -BT 5 (33) -PBT 2 (14) -XRT + BT 3 (20) |
NA | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) | 3.6 |
| Chade et al. (2011) [25] | 404 | Retrospective | -biopsy confirmed Recurrence of PCa |
65 | -BT, EBRT 11 (3) -BT, EBRT, IMRT 2 (0) -BT alone 76 (19) -EBRT, 3-DCRT 5 (1) -EBRT, IMRT 5 (1) -EBRT alone 253 (63) -Unknown 52 (13) |
0 (0) | 262 (55) | 72 (18) | 80 (20) | 4.5 |
| Gorin et al. (2011) [26] | 24 | Retrospective | life expectancy of at least 10 years and a negative metastatic workup | Mean 64.5 | -EBRT 13 (54) -BT 11 (46) |
14 (58) | NA | 9 (37.5) | Mean 8.7 |
|
| Ahallal et al. (2011) [27] | 15 | Retrospective | biopsy-proven local recurrence after cryotherapy or radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer | 62.3 | -EBRT 8 (53) -BT 6 (40) -cryotherapy 1 (7) |
NA | 12 (80) | 1 (7) | 4 (27) | 3.5 |
| Lawrentschuk et al. (2011) [28] | 15 | Prospective | men presenting with an increasing PSA and biopsy-proven PC after primary therapy with HIFU |
64 | HIFU | 1 (7) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 |
| Leonardo et al. (2012) [29] | 13 | Retrospective | biopsy-proven local recurrence after HIFU |
61.3 | HIFU | NA | 13 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3.31 |
| Kaffenberger et al. (2013) [30] | 34 | Retrospective | failure of prior definitive therapy | 66.5 | -BT 13 (38) -EBRT 11 (32) -combined BT/EBRT 6 (18) -HIFU 4 (12) |
4 (12) | 32 (94) | 2 (6) | 12 (35) | 3.86 |
| Peters et al. (2013) [31] | 44 | Retrospective | All men showed PSA failure afterward, and recurrences were confirmed by biopsies |
65 | -EBRT 31 (70) -BT 2 (5) -I-125 11 (25) -IMRT 0 (0) |
5 (11) | 30 (69) | 14 (31) | 7 (16) | 0–10 24 (55) >10–20 18 (41) >20 2 (5) |
| Yuh et al. (2014) [32] | 51 | Prospective | -BCR -biopsy confirmed recurrence of PCa -negative CT results and bone scans |
68 | -BT 22 (43.1) -BT+EBRT 1 (2) -Cryoablation 3 (5.9) -EBRT 18 (35.3) -HIFU 1 (2.0) -PBT 6 (11.8) |
18 (19.6) | NA | NA | 5.27 | |
| Zugor et al. (2014) [33] | 13 | Retrospective | -radiation-resistant PCa | 63 | -EBRT 7 (54) -BT 6 (46) |
NA | 13 (100) | 0 (0) | 5 (38.6) | 14.4 |
| Saeedi et al. (2014) [34] | 6 | NA | biopsy confirmed recurrence of PCa |
Mean 59.5 | BT | 2 (33) | 6 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4.2 |
| Bates et al. (2015) [11] | 53 | Retrospective | -PSA concentration >0.2 ng/mL -biopsy confirmed recurrence of PCa |
67 | -EBRT 28 (52.8) -BT 14 (26.4) -IMRT 5 (9.4) -cryotherapy 3 (5.6) -HIFU 3 (5.6) |
NA | 44 (83) | 9 (17) | 16 (30.2) | 3.7 |
| Pokala et al. (2015) [35] | 364 | NA | men 40 to 75 years of age with radio-recurrent prostate cancer |
Mean 64 |
-BT -EBRT -or a combination with the both |
NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Pearce et al. (2015) [36] | 408 | NA | men with adenocarcinoma of the prostate and those who presented with nonmetastatic disease and no nodal involvement |
Mean 62.5 |
-EBRT 348 (89) -BT 43 (11) |
NA | 167 (63.5) | 96 (36.5) | NA | Mean 12.6 |
| Lebdai et al. (2015) [37] | 19 | Retrospective | biopsy-proven locally persistent or recurrent prostate cancer | 64 | -Focal VTP | NA | NA | 0 (0) | 6.3 | |
| Mandel et al. (2016) [38] | 55 | Retrospective | Low comorbidity, life expectancy of at least 10 years, organ-confined PCa <T2b, Gleason score ≤ 7 and preoperative PSA <10 ng/mL |
Mean 65.4 |
-EBRT 27 (49) -HDR 7 (12.7) -LDR 17 (31) -HIFU 4 (7.3) |
25 (45) | NA | 13 (23.6) | 9.5 | |
| Vora et al. (2016) [39] | 6 | Retrospective | -PSA < 10 ng/mL at recurrence -life expectancy > 10 years at recurrence -negative metastatic workup. |
64.7 | RT | NA | NA | NA | 6.08 | |
| Kenney et al. (2016) [7] | 39 | Retrospective | -BCR after radiation therapy -biopsy confirmed Recurrence of PCa |
66 | -EBRT or PBT 24 (61.5) -BT or BT/EBRT 15 (38.5) |
8 (40) | 31 (79.5) | 6 (15) | 14 (36) | Mean 3.5 |
| Orré et al. (2016) [40] | 7 | NA | Biochemical relapse | 66 | permanent brachytherapy implants | NA | 7 (100) | 0 (0) | 2 (28.5) | 7.13 |
| Vidmar et al. (2017) [41] | 24 | Retrospective | -recurrent or radiation-resistant prostate cancer |
62 | -BT 7 (29) -HIFU 7 (29) -EBRT 10 (42) |
0 (0) | 21 (87) | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 5.5 |
| Metcalfe et al. (2017) [42] | 70 | Retrospective | biochemical or biopsy-proven failure | 61.06 | -EBRT 42 (60) -BT 14 (20) -Proton 6 (8.6) -EBRT + BT 8 (11.4) |
18 (26) | 60 (88) | 8 (11) | 10 (14) | 5.95 |
| Ogaya-Pinies et al. (2019) [43] | 96 | Prospective | all patients with a localized, biopsy-proven PCa recurrence after radiotherapy or any ablative technique, with a life expectancy of >10 years |
65.75 | -EBRT 37 (38.5) -BT 14 (14.5) -EBRT+BT 13 (13.5) -Cyberknife 3 (3) -Proton beam 1 (1) -Cryotherapy 18 (19) -HIFU 7 (8) -Focal VTP 1 (1) -Electroporation 1 (1) -TULSA 1 (1) |
NA | NA | NA | 4 | |
| Onol et al. (2019) [44] | 94 | Retrospective | -biopsy-proven local recurrence without evidence of metastatic PCa | 65 | -EBRT 39 (31) -IMRT 15 (12) -PBT 3 (2) -BT23 (18) -combined EBRT + BT 14 (11) |
24 (25.5) | 91 (97) | 3 (3) | 36 (38) | Mean 4.53 |
| Devos et al. (2019) [45] | 25 | Retrospective | -BCR -a positive biopsy following EBRT or BT |
65 | -EBRT17 (68) -BT 8 (32) |
NA | NA | 12 (48) | 4.6 | |
| Mohler et al. (2019) [46] | 41 | prospective | -biopsy-proven persistent or recurrent CaP diagnosed ≥ 18 months after radiation therapy with PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL -no radiologic evidence of metastatic disease |
64 | -EBRT 24 (58) -BT 11 (27) -Combined 6 (15) |
0 (0) | 24 (58.5) | 2 (5) | 3 (7) | 4.1 |
| Clery et al. (2019) [47] | 55 | NA | -All patients received radiation therapy -BCR was biopsy-proven in all cases |
64 | -EBRT 30 (55) -BT 10 (18) -HIFU 15 (27) |
8 (14.5) | 45 (81.5) | 2 (4) | 3 (5.5) | 4.96 |
| Herrera-Caceres et al. (2019) [48] | 34 | Retrospective | PCa recurrence after focal therapy | 61 | -Laser ablation 13 (38) -HIFU 19 (56) -Cryotherapy 1 (3) -BT 1 (3) |
NA | NA | 4 (12) | 5.38 | |
| Gontero et al. (2019) [49] | 395 | Retrospective | recurrent PCa | 66.3 | NA | NA | NA | 147 (39) | 6.36 | |
| De Groote et al. (2020) [50] | 106 | Retrospective | -All patients received radiation therapy -All patients had biopsy |
67 | -HIFU 59 (56) -RT27 (25) -BT 10 (9) -ADT 8 (8) -cryotherapy 1 (1) -electroporation /Nanoknife 1 (1) |
8 (8) | 58 (55) | 48 (45) | 27 (25) | 5.6 |
| Nair et al. (2020) [51] | 4 | NA | Recurrent CaP | 69 | transurethral ultrasound ablation (TULSA) | NA | NA | 0 (0) | 4.3 | |
| Thompson et al. (2020) [52] | 53 | Retrospective | Unsuitable for redo FA (e.g., bilateral/ high-risk cancer) or preference towards radical treatment; Age < 75 yo and fit for major surgery; T1-3aN0M0, surgically resectable on MRI and DRE; Accepting of risks and side effects of surgery. |
63 | -HIFU | NA | 40 (89) | 5 (11) | 5 (11) | 6 |
| Nathan et al. (2021) [53] | 135 | Retrospective | Primary treatment failure | 70 | Whole gland therapies: -RT -BT -HIFU Focal gland therapies: -focal HIFU, cryotherapy, and electroporation |
NA | 80 (55) | 61 (45) | 35 (26) | 5.8 |
| Madi et al. (2021) [12] | 26 | Retrospective | -All patients had biopsy-proven prostate cancer recurrence. |
68.5 | -EBRT 18 (69) -BT 4 (15) -Cyberknife 2 (8) -Cryotherapy 2 (8) |
NA | NA | 13 (50) | 5.1 | |
| Rajwa et al. (2021) [54] | 214 | Retrospective | -patients treated with primary radiation therapy-all patients underwent confirmatory biopsy |
69 | -EBRT 167 (78) -BT39 (18) -EBRT + BT 8 (3.7) |
0 (0) | 183 (85.5) |
30 (14) | 86 (40) | 3.8 |
| Bozkurt et al. (2021) [55] | 10 | NA | -clinically organ-confined PCA disease after failure of PBT |
66.8 | PBT | NA | 10 (100) | 0 (0) | 7 (70) | Mean 5.5 |
| Marra et al. (2021) [56] | 414 | Retrospective | Recurrent CaP | 66 | -EBRT 262 (64.5) -BT 106 (25.7) -other primary treatments 56 (13.6) |
NA | NA | 48 (11.5) | 140 (35) | 4.2 |
| Spitznagel et al. (2021) [57] | 13 | Prospective | patients with any detected PCa in the extended follow-up biopsy | 61 | HIFU | NA | 13 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5.4 |
| Wenzel et al. (2021) [58] | 428 | NA | adult patients (≥18 years old) with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate, diagnosed at biopsy |
66 | -EBRT: 316 (74) -BT: 67 (16) -EBRT + BT: 45 (10.5) |
NA | 356 (83) | 43 (11) | 62 (14.5) | 8.8 |
| von Hardenberg et al. (2021) [59] | 44 | Prospective | biopsy-proven (PCa) after FT | 65 | -HIFU 42 (95.5) -VTP 2 (4.5) |
6 (14) | NA | 0 (0) | 5.7 | |
| Nathan et al. (2022) [60] | 100 | Prospective Retrospective |
locally recurrent prostate cancer after ablative therapy failure |
69 | -HIFU 92 (92) -Cryotherapy 5 (5) -Electroporation 3 (3) |
100 (100) | 81 (81) | 19 (19) | 10 (10) | 5.8 |
| Mortensen et al. (2022) [61] | 5 | Retrospective | -BCR following primary external beam radiation -an expected life expectancy of 10 years or more |
71 | EBRT | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | 4 (80) | Mean 3.34 |
| Van Riel et al. (2022) [62] | 39 | Prospective | Recurrent localised PCa | 64 | irreversible electroporation |
NA | 39 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 |
| Blazevski et al. (2022) [63] | 15 | Retrospective | patients with histopathologically confirmed residual or recurrent clinically signifcant PCa |
68 | irreversible electroporation |
NA | NA | 0 (0) | 6.6 | |
| Catarino et al. (2022) [64] | 29 | NA | histologically confirmed recurrent PC | 65 | -BT 9 (31) -EBRT 16 (55) -Cobalt therapy 2 (7) -Tomotherapy 1 (3) -BT+ EBRT 1 (3) |
8 (28) | NA | NA | NA | |
PSA: prostate specific antigen, ADT: androgen deprivation therapy, RT: radiation therapy, sRP: salvage radical prostatectomy, ISUP: International Society of Urological Pathology, NA: not available.