Table 4.

Recommendations for overcoming negative consequences of ChatGPT use for academic purposes in education.

Consequences	Recommendations
Overreliance (FC, EDLE)	▪Educational institutions should establish clear guidelines on the resposible use of ChatGPT in academic settings as a supproting tool. ▪Faculty should encourage their students to reponsibly use ChatGPT, while they ensure the development of their critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Academic Integrity (FC, EDLE)	▪Responsible use and ethical guidelines are crucial to mitigate potential negative effects on intellectual property. ▪Students should be trained in academic honesty and the use of resource, e.g., ChatGPT, in learning. ▪Students should use ChatGPT and other electronic resources to support heir learning, not as a primary leaning tool. ▪The faculty should design assessments that are less accomodating of AI-generated content.
Lack of Quality and Accuracy (FC, EDLE)	▪Caution should be maintined while dealing with information generated by ChatGPT. ▪AI developers and organizations should continuously refine and improve the underlying AI models through rigorous testing and validation processes. ▪The faculty should encourage students to mantain caution and verify the accuracy of the information generated by ChatGPT before relying on it for their studies.
Learning Outcomes (FC, EDLE)	▪Institutions should use techology to supplemt face-to-face education and not as a replacement for face-to-face education.
Potnetial Bias (FC, EDLE)	▪Students should seek information from a variety of sources, including textbooks, academic journals, and human experts. This ensures a more comprehensive and balanced learning approach. ▪Faculty should engage in critical thinking activities during the teaching and learning process.
Student Skill Set (FC, EDLE)	▪Students should use ChatGPT as a supplementary resource rather than a primary source of information and solutions. ▪Students should engage in activities that promote various skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and analysis.

Codes of participants who commented on this point (ST = students; FC = faculty; EDLE = education leaders/experts).