Table 2.
Methods for quantifying and concentrating carotenoids and phenolics in studied plants.
| Family [18] | Species [18] | Carotenoids Concentration/Quantification Technique | Phenolics Concentration/Quantification Technique |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthaceae | Aphelandra squarrosa Nees | Flower: 381.3 µg/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Root: 3.5 µmol Benzoxazinoid/g FW)/(HPLC) [22] |
| Acanthaceae | Justicia aurea Schltdl. | Flower: 47.9 µg violaxanthin/g DW (RRLC) [366] | na |
| Alstroemeriaceae | Alstroemeria aurea Graham | Flower: 4.5 to 4.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [30]; 30 µg/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366]; 536.6 µg/g β-carotene total carotenoids (SM) [214] | Flower: 3 mg GAE/g total phenolics (SM) [214] |
| Amaranthaceae | Celosia argentea L. | Flower: 22.1 and 116.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 0.12 to 0.36 mg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [36] |
Flower: 5.01 and 6.06 g total anthocyanin/100 g FW (SM) [36], 58.4 mg GAE/g water extract, 67.6 mg GAE/g ethanol extract (SM) [39]; 13.8 and 7.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Arial part: 2.2 and 9.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [367], 45.2 mg GAE/g extract, and 66.7 mg QE/g extract (SM) [37] |
| Amaryllidaceae | Allium schoenoprasum L. | Flower:58.2 mg total carotenoids/kg FW (SM) [368]; 70.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366]; 423.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW [214] Root: 0.08 mg β-carotene/100 g FW, 0.65 mg total carotenoids/100 g FW (review) [40] |
Flowers: 201.8 µg gallic acid/g DW, 207.3 µg coumaric acid/g DW, 887.4 µg ferulic acid/g DW, 20.3 µg rutin/g DW (HPLC) [369]; 375.8 mg total polyphenols/100 FW (SM) [368]; 9.3 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 28.9 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 16.7 mg total flavonoids/g FW [42], 68.5 GAE/g (SM) [44] Root: 2.7 mg myricetin/100 g FW, 4.5 mg quercetin/100 g FW, 7.7 mg kaempferol/100 g FW, 21.0 mg GAE/100 g FW, 0.5 mg anthocyanin/100 g FW (review) [40] |
| Amaryllidaceae | Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns | Flower: 8.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366]; 67.0 and 90.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: Identification of delphinidin, p-coumaroyl, kaempferol, and others (HPLC-MS) [370] 13.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 23.6 and 25.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Amaryllidaceae |
Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Bosse Clivia miniata var. citrina S. Watson |
na | Flower: 1.8 total anthocyanin/100 mg FW (SM) [371] |
| Apiaceae | Coriandrum sativum L. | Flower: 267.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366]; 189.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 152.8 to 169.2 mg total carotenoids/100 g DW, 38.3 to 58.6 mg β-carotene/100 g DW (before saponification), 27.1 to 47.5 mg β-carotene/100 g DW (after saponification) (SM) [372] Arial part: 2.0 g total carotenoids/kg DW, 0.6 g β-carotene/DW, 1.0 g lutein/kg DW (HPLC) [373] Seed: 1.8 to 2.2 mg total carotenoids/100 g DW, 0.3 to 0.6 mg β-carotene/100 g DW (SM) [372] |
Flower: 2.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 16.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Seed: 12.2 GAE/g, 12.6 total flavonoids (quercetin equivalents)/g, 133.74 µg GAE/mg hydro-alcohol extract, 44.5 µg total flavonoids/mg 70% ethanol extract (SM) [42]; individual phenolics, 2.2 mg/g (HPLC-MS) [374]; individual phenolics, 129.9 mg total phenolics acids/kg DW (HPLC-MS) [58]; Arial part: individual phenolics, 6273.5 mg total phenolics/kg DW (HPLC-MS) [58]; 10.0 g total phenolics/kg DW; 0.5 g chlorogenic acid/kg DW (SM and HPLC) [373] |
| Apocynaceae | Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don | Flower: 3.7 µg lutein/g DW (RRLC) [366]; 163.7 and 185.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 0.5 to 0.7 mg carotenoids/g DW (SM) [375]; 9 to 1.3 mg carotenoid/g FW, 11.9 to 32.1 mg xanthophyll/g FW (SM) [376] |
Flower: 26.5 and 29.1 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 67.1 and 55.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 05.0 to 19.0 mg phenolics/g DW (SM) [375]; 55.3 to 88.0 mg anthocyanin/g FW (SM) [376] |
| Apocynaceae | Nerium oleander L. | Flower: 1.0 to 3.4 µg lutein/g DW (RRLC) [366]; 51.2 to 67.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 2.3 µmol carotenoids/g DW, 40.7 µmol β-carotene/g DW, 42.4 µmol lutein/g DW (SM) [377] |
Flower: 53.8 µg GAE/mg ethanol extract, 34.3 µg quercetin/mg ethanol extract (SM) [73]; 14.0 to 22.0 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 58.0 to 67.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Apocynaceae | Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lind.) Len. | Flower: 3.6 µg lutein/g DW (RRLC) [366]; 14.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 13.2 mg taxifolin/g, 9.5 mg isoquercitrin/g, 7.6 mg chlorogenic acid/g, and 0.2 mg gallic acid/g (HPLC) [75] Aerial part: five compounds were isolated [74]; 4.1 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 110.3 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Araceae | Aglaonema commutatum Schott | Flower: 78.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366]; 191.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: α and β-carotene [77] Fruit: lycopene, lycoxanthin, violaxanthin,α, β, γ, δ-carotene [77]; 100.0 µg β-carotene/g DW, 110.0 µg cryptoxanthin/g DW, 1100.0 µg lycopene/g DW (polarization microscopy) [378] Seed: lutein [77] |
Flower: 12.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [367]; 0.6 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 57.9 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Araceae | Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex André | Flower: 14.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366]; 61.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: Individual flavonoids (HPLC-MS) [80], individual flavonoids, 0.3 to 8.7 mg total anthocyanin/g FW (HPLC-ESI-MS) [81]; 12.0 to 26.0 mg flavonoids/g FW [379]; 7.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 117.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Araceae | Spathiphyllum montanum (R. A. Baker) Grayum | Flower: 326.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: Phenols and flavonoids [84]; 87.3 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Asparagaceae | Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques | Flower: 93.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366]; 245.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 0.5 to 3.0 mg total carotenoid/g FW (SM) [380] |
Flower: 21.1 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 42.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Arial part: 1.4 mg total phenolic/g [90] |
| Asteraceae | Bidens andicola Kunth | na | Arial part: Phytochemical screening (SM) [96] |
| Asteraceae | Calendula officinalis L. | Flower: 48.0 to 276 mg carotenoids/100 g FW, 270.0 to 3510.0 mg carotenoids/100 g DW [99]; 57.2 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [296]; 50.0 to 350.0 µg carotenoid/g DW [100]; 1.0 to 1.3 mg β-carotene/g DW [102] | Flower: 313.4 mg total polyphenol/g 2% flowers extract, 19.4 mg flavonoid and quercetin/g 2% flowers extract, 28.6 mg total polyphenols/g, 18.8 mg total flavonoids/g, 12.2 mg rutin and narcissin/g [42]; 0.7 to 5.1 mg GAE/g FW, 0.7 to 3.30 mg total flavonoids/g FW [296]; individual phenolics (HPLC-MS), 0.03 to 5.5 mg GAE/g DW [101]; 15.0 to 20.0 mg caffeic acid/g DW [100] |
| Asteraceae | Centaurea seridis L. | na | na |
| Asteraceae | Cichorium intybus L. | Flower: 8.0 to 30.2 µg lutein/g FW, 0.1 to 0.4 µg β-cryptoxanthin/g FW, 3.3 to 14.1 µg β-carotene/g FW [109]; 64.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Root: 1.1 to 2.4 mg lutein/kg, 0.2 to 0.5 mg β-carotene/kg (HPLC) [106] |
Root: 12.8 to 101.5 mg quercetin/kg, 8.1 to 26.2 mg kaempferol/kg (HPLC-ESI-MS) [106] Flower: 20.0 to 130.0 mg GAE/100 g FW (SM) [109], 10.6 mg GAE/g FW (SM) [108]; 9.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 46.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Seed: 0.05 to 0.1 g total flavonoids/100 g DW; 0.5 to 2.5 g phenolic acids/100 g DW; 50.8 to 285.0 mg GAE/100 g DW; 43.3 to 150.0 mg total flavonoid/100 DW; sixty-four phenolic acids and flavonoids were extracted (SM, HPLC [42] |
| Asteraceae | Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat | Flower: 0.1 to 0.2 mg carotenoid/g FW (SM) [381]; 11.8 to 165.5 µg lutein/g DW, 0.1 to 4.4 µg zeaxanthin/g DW, 0.1 to 1.9 µg β-cryptoxanthin/g DW, 0.1 to 2.9 µg 13-cis-β-carotene/g DW, 0.0 to 3.5 µg α-carotene/g DW, 1.4 to 21.9 g trans- β-carotene/g DW, 0.3 to 5.2 µg 9-cis- β-carotene/g DW (HPLC) [110] | Flower: 12.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [367]; individual phenols, 3732 to 12,562 mg total phenolics/g (HPLC-ESI) [111]; 0.5 to 5.5 mg total flavonoid/g FW, 0.2 to 2.5 total phenolic/g FW (SM) [381]; individual anthocyanin, 004 to 11.3 mg anthocyanin/g DW (HPLC-ESI-MS) [381] |
| Asteraceae | Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet | Flower: 1060 mg β-carotene/g (SM) [115]; 1060 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 6.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Asteraceae | Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay | Flower: 0.7 mg α-carotene/g FW, 5.1 mg β-carotene/g FW (TLC) [115]; individual carotenoids, 46.9 mg carotenoid/100 g FW, 6.3 mg carotenoids/100 g DW (HPLC) [121] | Flower: 0.9 mg gallic acid/100 g DW, 26.8 mg chlorogenic acid/100 g DW, and other [118] Stem: 3.30 mg 4droxybenzoic acid/100 g DW, 1.3 mg caffeic acid/100 g DW, and other [118] Root: 0.01 mg quercetin/100 g DW and other (HPLC) [118] |
| Asteraceae | Dahlia coccinea Cav. | Flower: 2.5 to 24.0 g carotenoid/g DW (SM) [122] | Flower: 6.4 to 13.7 µg gallic acid/g DW, 0.9 to 4.7 µg caffeic acid/g DW, 2.7 to 16.4 µg chlorogenic acid/g DW, 3.7 to 5.8 µg hydroxybenzoic acid/g DW, 7.2 to 26.3 µg quercetin/g DW (HPLC), 2.0 to 125 mg gallic acid/g DW (SM) [122]; 86.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 15.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Asteraceae | Dahlia pinnata Cav. | Flowers: 2.5 to 24.0 g total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [122] | Flower: 6.4 to 13.7 µg gallic acid/g DW, 0.9 to 4.7 µg caffeic acid/g DW, 2.7 to 16.4 µg chlorogenic acid/g DW, 3.7 to 5.8 µg hydroxybenzoic acid/g DW, 7.2 to 26.3 µg quercetin/g DW (HPLC), 2.0 to 125.0 mg gallic acid/g DW (SM) [122] |
| Asteraceae | Gaillardia × grandiflora Hort. Ex Van Houtte | na | na |
| Asteraceae | Tagetes erecta L. | Flower: 2.0 to 52.0 µg violaxanthin/g DW, 10.0 to 305.0 µg zeaxanthin/g DW, 0.2 to 8.2 µg luteolin/g DW, 1.0 to 36.0 µg α-carotene/g DW, 2.0 to 53.0 µg β-carotene/g DW, 1.0 to 3.8 µg 13-cis- β-carotene/g DW (HPLC) [130]; 1.9 to 11.6 mg lutein ester/g DW (HPLC) [382] | Flower: total phenolics and flavonoids, 62.3 mg GAE/g, 97.0 mg rutin equivalent/g (HPLC-MS) [131]; 27.1 to 42.2 mg GAE/g, 20.1 to 41.9 mg quercetin equivalent/g (SM) [127]; 4.6 g gallic acid/kg FW (SM) [180] |
| Asteraceae | Taraxacum campylodes G. E. Haglund | Flower: 41.9 mg total carotenoids/kg [138]; 259.0 µg carotenoids/g DW [383] Leaf: 206.4 mg total carotenoid/kg [138] Stem: 20.5 mg total carotenoid/kg [138] |
Flower: 441.4 µg gallic acid/g DW, 18.7 µg rutin/g DW, 274.9 µg resveratrol/g DW, 82.9 µg vanillic acid/g DW, 593.0 µg sinapic acid/g DW (HPLC) [369]; 11.1 mg quercetin/g DW [383]; 441.1 mg gallica acid/kg DW, 274.9 mg resveratrol/kg DW, 593.0 mg sinapic acid/kg DW [384]; 22.3 GAE/g DW [140] |
| Asteraceae | Zinnia elegans L. | Flower: 223.7 to 995.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 87.5 to 985.0 µg total anthocyanin/g FW (SM) [385]; 22.7 to 25.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 2.6 mg total phenolics/g DW, 0.6 mg total flavonoids/g DW (SM) [141] |
| Balsaminaceae | Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. | Flower: 148.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 2.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 6.8 mg GAE/g (SM), 96.1 mg epicatechin/100 g, 183.5 mg gallic acid/100 g, 83.9 mg protocatechuic acid/100 g [235]; 4.9 g gallic acid/kg FW (SM) [180]; 111.8 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 8.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 3.4 µg gallic acid/g DW, 71.9 µg protocatechuic acid/g DW, 12.8 µg 4-hydroxy benzoic/g DW, 8.2 µg vanillic acid/g DW, 7.6 µg cis-p-coumaric/g DW, and other (HPLC) [386] Aerial part: individual compounds (UHPLC-MS), 12.2 mg total phenolic/g DW, 2.7 mg total phenolic acids/g DW, 3.9 mg quercetin equivalent/g DW (SM) [142] |
| Begoniaceae | Begonia cucullata Willd. | Flower: 0.03 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [143] | Flower: 448.8 mg total phenolics/100 g FW (SM) [143]; 1.8 to 9.8 µg quercetin/g FW [123] |
| Begoniaceae | Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss | Flower: 0.02 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [143]; 187.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 8.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 100.9 mg total phenolics/100 g FW (SM) [143]; 107.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 8.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Bignoniaceae | Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl. | Flower: 238.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 37.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 0.3 to 0.6 mg carotenoids/g FW [145] |
Flower: 19.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.3 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: Phytochemical screening [149] |
| Bignoniaceae | Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth | na | Leaf: 177.0 to 216.0 mg GAE/g DW [153] Whole plant: Phytochemical screening [387] |
| Boraginaceae | Heliotropium arborescens L. | Flower: 30.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 1.2 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Brassicaceae | Alyssum montanum L. | Flower: 238.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 81.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 0.14 to 0.16 mg total carotenoids/100 g FW (SM) [388] |
Flower: 45.8 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Brassicaceae | Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | Flower: 257.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 105.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: individual carotenoids, 3520 and 2970 µg total carotenoid/g DW (HPLC-MS) [159]; 5.3 mg lutein/100 g, 0.7 mg violaxanthin/100 g, 0.5 mg/100 g, 0.4 neoxanthin/g (HPLC) [389] |
Flower: 60.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: individual phenolics, 68,600 and 139,000 µg phenolics/g DW (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS) [159]; 4.7 to 19.8 g/kg DW (HPLC-MS) [163] |
| Brassicaceae | Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. | Flower: 200 to 1500 µg carotenoid/cm2 (SM) [390]; carotenoids identification by TLC and HPLC [168]; 64.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 2.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 0.1 mg GAE/g (SM), 11.1 mg protocatechuic acid (HPLC) [235]; 0.3 to 1.9 mg GAE/g [165]; anthocyanin and other flavonoids identification by TLC and HPLC [168]; 27.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 5.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Cannabaceae | Cannabis sativa L. | Flower: 2.0 to 2.6 µg carotenoids/g FW [171]; 248.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 19.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 33.8 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 2.2 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Seed: 0.4 to 13.9 mg GAE/100 mg [391] |
| Cannaceae | Canna indica L. | Flower: 310.0 mg total carotenoids/kg FW, 189.0 mg total xanthophylls/kg FW, 628.0 mg xanthophylls/kg DW, 1054.0 mg total carotenoids/kg DW (HPLC) [392]; 451.5 and 2453.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 0.06 to 1.0 mg GAE/100 g, 1.8 to 19.9 mg total flavonoid/100 g [393]; 11.0 and 12.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Seeds: 4.8 µg flavonoids/g, 13.8 µg total polyphenols/g, anthocyanin identification [42] |
| Caryophyllaceae | Dianthus caryophyllus L. | Flowers: 1.0 to 10.0 µg total carotenoids/g FW [177]; 83.1 and 75.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.6 and 15.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 2.0 to 120.0 µg total carotenoid/g FW, individual carotenoids (HPLC) [177] |
Flowers: 0.4 mg GAE/g (SM), 52.4 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g and 150.7 mg protocatechuic acid/100 g (HPLC) [235]; 5.3 g gallic acid/kg FW (SM) [180]; 27.4 and 48.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 10.9 and 15.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Caryophyllaceae | Dianthus chinensis L. | Flower: 261.6 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [394]; 84.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 95.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW [395]; 0.3 to 0.5 mg carotenoid/g DW [182] |
Flower: 5.3 mg GAE/g (SM), 73.2 mg catechin/100 g, 110.9 mg epicatechin/100 g (HPLC) [235]; 12.3 mg GAE/g FW, 443.5 mg total anthocyanins/100 g FW [394]; 32.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 9.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 19.0 mg GAE/g DW, 65.7 total flavonoids/g DW [395] |
| Caryophyllaceae | Gypsophila paniculata L. | Flower: 80.0 to 450.0 µg β-carotene/g FW, and other carotenoids [396]; 71.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 33.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 44.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 22.2 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Caryophyllaceae | Saponaria officinalis L. | Flower: 84.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 9.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 61.5 µg β-carotene/L [188] | Flower: 17.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 10.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Arial part: 6.5 µg GAE/mg [189] |
| Celastraceae | Euonymus japonicus Thunb. | Flower: 147.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 88.9 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: Thirty-two compounds (HPLC-ESI-MS), individual phenolics (UPLC-TOF-MS) [190] |
| Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus althaeoides L. | Flower: 76.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 2693.9 µg total carotenoid/g, 2655.3 µg total carotenoid/g individual carotenoids (LC-PDA-APCI/MS) [193] |
Flower: 38.8 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 9.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 3904.6 µg total phenolics/g, 2948.0 µg total phenolics/g, individual phenolics (LC-PDA-ESI/MS) [193] Whole plant: 30.3 to 125.4 mg total phenolics/g, 9.2 to 123.9 mg total flavonoids/g (SM) [397] |
| Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus pseudoscammonia C. Koch | na | na |
| Crassulaceae | Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. | Flower: 487.2 and 496.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 21.0 to 392.0 µg anthocyanidin/g FW, 1.0 to 99.0 µg quercetin/g FW, individual phenolics (HPLC) [200]; 17 and 14.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Cucurbitaceae | Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai | Flower: 335.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Fruit: 0.3 µg trans-lutein/g FW, 37.2 µg trans-lycopene/g DW, 1.5 µg trans-β-carotene/g DW (HPLC) [398] |
Flower: 4.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | Flower: 1075.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] Fruit: 15.4 µg β-carotene/g DW, 10.7 µg lutein/g DW, 20.6 µg violaxanthin/g DW, 9.8 µg neoxanthin/g DW (HPLC-MS) [205] Peel: Phytochemical screening [202] |
Flower: 865.3 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Peel: Phytochemical screening [202] |
| Ericaceae | Rhododendron simsii Planch. | Flower: 26.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 79.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 0.6 mg GAE/g (SM), 128.4 mg catechin/100 g, 65.3 mg epicatechin/100 g (HPLC) [235], 249.8 mg GAE/g DW, 20.0 mg total flavonoid/g DW (SM) [206]; 93.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.1 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia milii Des Moul. | Flower: 151.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 0.2 to 2.9 mg total carotenoid/g FW (SM) [399] Whole plant: Phytochemical screening [211] |
Flower: 104.8 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: Phytochemical screening, 3.6 mg GAE/g DW, 20.3 mg quercetin/g DW [209] Whole plant: Phytochemical screening [211] |
| Fabaceae | Brownea macrophylla Linden | Flower: 377.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 3.5 to 579.0 mg GAE/g DW [212] |
| Fabaceae | Lathyrus aphaca L. | Flower: 580.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 5.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Fabaceae | Senna alexandrina Mill. | Flower: 673.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 2.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Whole plant: 15.9 mg gallic acid/100 g DW, 363.2 mg gentilic acid/100 g DW, 187.5 mg epigallocatechin/100 g DW, 137.7 mg kaempferol/100 g DW, and other (HPLC) [215] |
| Fabaceae | Senna corymbosa (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby | na | na |
| Fabaceae | Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby | na | Whole plant: Phytochemical screening [219] |
| Fabaceae | Senna papillosa (Britton & Rose) H.S. Irwin & Barneby | Flower: 2772.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | na |
| Fabaceae | Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott | na | Leaf: 192.4 µg GAE/mg DW, individual phenolics (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS) [223] |
| Fabaceae | Trifolium alexandrinum L. | na | na |
| Geraniaceae | Pelargonium domesticum L. H. Bailey | Flower: 45.4 and 40.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 0.7 and 2.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 236.0 and 195.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 32.7 and 37.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Geraniaceae | Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Hér. | Flower: 129.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 19.4 mg GAE/g, 2.7 mg total flavonoids/g (SM), thirty-one compounds (HPLC-MS) [231]; 139.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 32.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Geraniaceae | Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey | Flower: 86.9 to 132.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 383.4 to 528.4 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [233] |
Flower: 2.4 mg GAE/g (SM), 819.0 mg homogentisic acid/100 g, 693.1 mg catechin/100 g (HPLC) [235]; 131.2 to 144.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 39.8 to 68.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Goodeniaceae | Scaevola aemula R. Bronw | Flower: 208.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 41.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 4.5 to 8.5 mg total carotenoid/g DW (SM) [238] |
Flower: 60.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.3 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Hydrangeacea | Hydrangea petiolaris Siebold Zuc | Flower: 37.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 99.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 61.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Iridaceae | Gladiolus communis L. | Flower: 117.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 49.9 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 2.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Juglandaceae | Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC. | Flower: 133.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 32.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 89.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 18.1 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Lamiaceae | Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze | Flower: 83.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Arial parts: β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin (HPLC) [245] |
Flower: 6.6 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Arial parts: 1.6 mg apigenin/g [245]; 13.3 mg GAE/g FW [108] |
| Lamiaceae | Lavandula angustifolia Mill. | Flower: 0.2 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [143]; 0.25 mg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [400]; 418.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 132.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 0.3 to 0.45 mg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [400] |
Flower: 472.6 mg total phenolics/g FW (SM) [143]; 47.3 to 92.4 mg total phenolics/100 DW, 2.5 to 5.0 mg flavones/g DW, individual phenolics (HPLC) [401]; 4.0 to 6.0 mg total phenolics/g DW [400]; 29.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 4.0 to 5.0 mg total phenolics/g DW [400]; 5.6 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 13.3 mg GAE/g FW [108]; 1.1 to 32.7 µg total phenolics/mg [402] |
| Lamiaceae | Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. | Flower: 584.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 149.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 6.0 mg total carotenoids/100 g (SM) [253] Stem: 7.0 to 9.0 mg total carotenoids/100 g (SM) [253] |
Flower: 87.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Lamiaceae | Mentha × piperita L. | Flower: 545.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 148.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 4.0 to 7.0 mg total carotenoids/100 g (SM) [253] Stem: 4.0 to 8.0 mg total carotenoids/100 g (SM) [253] |
Flower: 109.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 0.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 19.5 mg GAE/g FW [108] |
| Lamiaceae | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Flower: 190.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 14.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 259.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [383] Leaf: 30.6 and 9.0 mg total carotenoids/L (SM) [255] |
Flower: 115.8 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 33.2 mg GAE/g FW [108]; 1.9 mg quercetin/g DW (SM) [383] |
| Lamiaceae | Salvia leucantha Cav. | na | na |
| Lamiaceae | Salvia microphylla Kunth | Whole plant: 4.3 µg total carotenoids/g FW [258] | Whole plant: 2.4 mg GAE/g FW, 0.2 mg total anthocyanins/g FW [258] |
| Lamiaceae | Salvia splendens Sellow ex Schult. | Flowers: 0.04 µg total carotenoids/g FW [143]; 471.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 5.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 0.2 and 0.3 mg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [259] |
Flower: 2.6 mg GAE/g (SM), 30.6 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g, 20.3 mg protocatechuic acid/100 g (HPLC) [235]; 216.2 mg total phenolics/g FW [143]; 67.9 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.2 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 0.2 and 0.3 g total anthocyanins/g FW (SM) [259] |
| Lamiaceae | Vitex agnus-castus L. | Flower: 73.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 62.9 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 28.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 5.0 to 32.0 mg total phenolics/g DW leaf, 2.0 to 20.0 mg total phenolics/g DW seeds, 1.0 to 3.0 mg total phenolics/g DW roots, and other phenolics [263] |
| Lythraceae | Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth | Flower: 153.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 157.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 102.3 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 11.3 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Arial part: individual flavonoids ((Fourier transform (FTIR)) [403] |
| Lythraceae | Lagerstroemia indica L. | Flower: 74.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 12.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 1.2 to 1.9 mg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [269] |
Flower: 108.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.1 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: Phytochemical screening [272] |
| Lythraceae | Punica granatum L. | Fruit: 0.5 to 10.1 mg total carotenoids/g FW, 0.5 to 10.2 mg β-carotene/g FW (SM) [404] Flower: 1434.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 33.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] |
Flower: 179.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 146.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366]; 336.5 mg GAE/g [405], 15.2 to 25.9 mg GAE/g DW [275] Leaf: 79.7 mg GAE/100 g DW, and others (SM) [406] Seed: 0.7 mg GAE/g (SM) [405] Fruit: 4.0 to 11.8 mg total phenolics/g DW, and others (SM) [404] |
| Magnoliaceae | Magnolia grandiflora L. | Flower: 32.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 20.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: individual phenolics, 32.6 to 140.6 mg sum of phenolics/g DW (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS-ESI) [277]; 1273.9 to 4836.9 µg total flavonols/g FW, and others (HPLC-ESI-MS) [407]; 40.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 0.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Malvaceae | Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.) Ravenna | na | Whole plant: 8.7 and 9.4 mg gallic acid/g, 43.2 and 16.4 mg chlorogenic acid/g, 41.7 and 30.3 mg caffeic acid/g, 19.8 and 3.9 mg quercetin/g, 65.4 and 46.3 mg kaempferol/g [279] |
| Malvaceae | Gossypium arboreum L. | Flower: 203.3 and 206.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 0.7 and 5.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 120.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 5.3 and 7.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Malvaceae | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Flower: 162.0 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [408]; 448.3 and 624.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 0.17 mg flavonoids/g, 0.09 mg total phenolics/g, 4104.0 µg flavonoids/g, 7.6 µg rutin/g, 361.9 µg quercetin/g, 50.7 µg kaempferol and myricetin/g, 61.5 mg GAE/100 g methanol extract, 59.3 mg GAE/100 g ethanol extract, 53.3 mg total flavonoids/100 g methanol extract, 32.3 mg total flavonoids/100 g ethanol extract [42]; 0.1 mg GAE/g (SM), 133.8 mg catechin/100 g (HPLC) [235]; [409]; 0.5 g gallic acid/100 g (SM) [410]; 186.2 to 281.2 mg total phenolics/100 g FW [408]; 6.2 and 8.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Lamiacea | Ocimum basilicum L. | Flower: 286.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 88.9 and 504.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 55.0 to 69.0 µg total carotenoids/g [411]; 51.6 and 68.3 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [258] | Flower: 47.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 0.2 mg syringic acid/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 25.7 mg GAE/g FW [108] Flower: 15.2 mg GAE/g FW [108] Whole plant: 7.2 and 8.1 mg GAE/g FW, 0.2 and 0.06 mg total anthocyanins/g FW (SM) [258] |
| Malvaceae | Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | Flower: 126.9 mg total carotenoids/100 mg Leaf: 559.4 mg total carotenoids/100 mg Seed: 232.9 and 500.7 mg total carotenoids/100 mg Fruit: 641.9 mg total carotenoids/100 mg Calyx: 507.6 mg total carotenoids/100 mg [412] |
Flower: 16.53 mg anthocyanins/g, 7.4 mg phenols/g, 3.5 mg flavonoids/g, individual phenolics [42]; 6.8 to 91.9 mg GAE/g (SM) [413]; 21.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [414] Leaf: 312.6 mg total phenolics/100 mg Arial part: 0.9 to 4.9 mg GAE/g (SM) [284]; individual phenolics value [287] |
| Malvaceae | Hibiscus syriacus L. | Flower: 0.8 mg total carotenoids/kg FW (SM) [415]; 35.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 112.9 mg total carotenoids/kg FW, individual carotenoids (SM) [415] |
Flower: 63.4 mg rutin equivalents/g, 172.6 mg GAE/g (SM) [416]; 23.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 29.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Malvaceae | Malvaviscus arboreus Cav | Flower: 49.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 147.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 0.3 mg GAE/g (SM), 38.1 mg catechin/100 g, 36.8 mg epicatechin/100 g, (HPLC) [235]; 64.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 14.8 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Nyctaginaceae | Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. | Flower: 323.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 45.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 6.9 mg GAE/g (SM), 79.6 mg catechin/100 g, 89.3 mg epicatechin/100 g, 39.8 mg gallic acid/100 g (HPLC) [235]; 1.7 to 2.3 mg GAE/g FW, 0.9 to 1.3 mg total flavonoids/g FW (SM) [296]; 15.8 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 3.9 mg GAE/g [294]; 24.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] |
| Nyctaginaceae | Mirabilis jalapa L. | Flower: 524.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 4.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 88.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 9.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Arial part: 4.4 mg total flavonoid/g DW (SM) [417] Whole plant: individual phenolics, 2977.4 µg total phenolics/mg flowers, 304.3 µg total phenolics/mg herb, 67.9 µg total phenolics/g fruits, 12.4 µg total phenolics/mg roots [298] |
| Oleaceae | Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton | Flower: 80.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 4.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 39.3 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 9.2 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Onagraceae | Fuchsia magellanica Lam. | Flower: 95.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 11.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: individual anthocyanins [304]; 191.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 42.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Orchidaceae | Phalaenopsis aphrodite Rchb. f. | Flower: 50.3 and 257.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 8.3 and 44.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 22.7 and 44.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.9 and 39.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Passifloraceae | Passiflora × belotii Pépin | Flower: 100.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 49.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 25.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 6.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Plantaginaceae | Antirrhinum majus L. | Flower: 71.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 10.0 mg GAE/g DW, 1.8 mg total flavonoids/g DW [307]; 74.7 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 8.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Plantaginaceae | Plantago major L. | Flower: 355.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 168.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 76.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 22.8 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 1.6 mg GAE/g DW [367] |
| Plantaginaceae | Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham. | Flower: 173.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 31.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Leaf: 26 phenolics (LC-MS) [418] |
| Plumbaginaceae | Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. | Flower: 21.41 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 34.2 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [235]; 5.6 to 61.4 mg GAE/g DW [315]; 31.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 2.0 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Plumbaginaceae | Plumbago auriculata Lam. | na | Flower: 59.8 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 24.3 mg GAE/g DW; 87.1 mg total flavonoid/g DW (SM) [318] |
| Polygonaceae | Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub | Flower: 19.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.7 and 5.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: phytochemical screening [320] |
Flower: 66.3 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.7 and 2.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: phytochemical screening [320] |
| Polygonaceae | Polygala vulgaris L. | Flower: 29.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 40.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 4.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea L. | Flower: 476.5 to 949.5 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 632.9 and 1012.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] Arial part: 0.9 mg β-carotene/100 g FW, 5.5 mg total carotenoids/100 g FW [40]; 45.0 mg total carotenoids/100 g [324]; 18.9 to 36.5 mg total carotenoids/g DW [323] |
Flower: 2.0 to 88.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 4.3 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Whole plant: 14.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [367], 0.3 mg quercetin/100 g FW (HPLC), 82.7 mg GAE/100 g FW, 0.24 mg total anthocyanin/100 g FW (SM) [40] Arial part: 5.9 mg total phenolics/g [90]; 3.2 mg total phenolics/100 g, 6.2 mg total flavonoids/100 g, and other phenolics [324]; 56.2 to 142.2 mg GAE/g DW [323] |
| Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus asiaticus L. | Flower: lutein and zeaxanthin (HPLC) [325] | Flower: Individual flavonoids, anthocyanidin and flavonol aglucone (HPLC) [325] |
| Rosaceae | Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne | Flower: 7.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: Anthocyanidins and flavonols/UHPLC-qTOF-MS [419]; 143.0 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 41.6 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Rosaceae | Rosa hybrid Vill. | Flower: 80.8 to 106.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 33.2 and 64.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 2.6 mg GAE/g (SM), 880.0 mg homogentisic acid/100 g, 587.9 mg protocatechuic acid/100 g, 825.7 mg epicatechin/100 g (HPLC) [235]; quercetin and kaempferol compounds [329]; 106.3 to 153.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 7.8 to 19.2 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Rubiaceae | Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis | Flower: 21.8 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 6.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 29.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.9 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 9.1 mg gallic acid/100 g DW, 141.0 mg catechin/100 g DW, 72.1 mg rutin hydrate/100 g DW, 19.1 mg quercetin/100 g DW (HPLC) [331] Whole plant: 17.3 mg GAE/g (SM) [367] |
| Rubiaceae | Ixora coccinea L. | Flower: 387.9 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214] | Flower: 9.5 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214] Whole plant: 210.6 µg GAE/mg flower, 180.6 µg GAE/mg leaf, 100.3 µg GAE/mg stem [420] |
| Rubiaceae | Palicourea marcgravii A. St.-Hil. | na | na |
| Rubiaceae | Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Klotszch | Flower: 97.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Whole plant: 595.0 mg GAE/100 g DW (SM) [421] |
| Solanaceae | Capsicum annuum L. | Flower: 482.6 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 139.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 65.6 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 9.7 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Fruit: 1012.0 to 4135.5 µg GAE/g FW (SM) [42] |
| Solanaceae | Lycianthes rantonnetii (Carrière) Bitter | na | na |
| Solanaceae | Petunia × hybrida Vilm. | Flower: 0.1 to 35.8 µg β-carotene/g FW, 0.0 to 13.9 µg lutein/g FW, and others (HPLC) [422]; 80.8 to 213.0 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 9.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 30.2 to 48.9 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 4.8 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Solanaceae | Solanum lycopersicum L. | Flower: 748.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 88.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 47.8 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 3.4 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Verbenaceae | Aloysia citriodora Palau | Flower: 50.4 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 1.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 39.1 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 15.6 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 260.0 to 350 µg GAE/g DW, 12.0 to 13.0 µg total flavonoids/g DW (SM) [353] |
| Verbenaceae | Lantana camara L. | Flower: β-carotene [5]; 64.8 to 2056.1 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 0.1 mg GAE/g (SM), 56.1 mg catechin/100 g, 48.6 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g (HPLC) [235]; 10.9 to 22.5 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] Leaf: 11.1 mg flavonoids/g, 917.6 mg polyphenol/100 g, 328.6 mg polyphenols/100 g [42] Stem: 3.29 mg flavonoids/100 g, 8.0 mg flavonoids/100 g [42] |
| Verbenaceae | Verbena × hybrid Groenland & Rümpler | Flower: 0.05 µg total carotenoids/g FW (SM) [143]; 13.3 to 74.2 µg total carotenoids/g DW (SM) [214]; 12.7 to 106.3 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Flower: 809.0 mg total phenolics/100 g FW (SM) [143]; 35.1 to 44.4 mg GAE/g DW (SM) [214]; 21.3 to 797.0 mg total phenolics/g DW, individual phenolics (RRLC) [366] |
| Viola | Viola × wittrockiana Gams | Flower: β-carotene, lycopene, and xanthophyll (FT-Raman) [423] | Flower: Kaempferol, quercetin dihydrate, lutein, and other anthocyanins (FT-Raman) [423]; 64.0 mg total phenolics/g extract LC-DAD-ESI/MS [424]; 15.20 mg GAE/g DW, 2.3 mg total flavonoids/g, individual phenolics DW [307]; 5.1 g GAE/kg FW [180] |
| Zingiberaceae | Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas | Flower: 3044.7 µg total carotenoids/g DW, individual carotenoids (RRLC) [366] | Fruit: 9.2 mg GAE/g DW (MS), individual anthocyanin (HPLC) [365] |
Note: na, not available; DW: dry weight; FW, fresh weight; SM, Spectrophotometric method; GAE, gallic acid equivalents; QE, quercetin equivalent; RRLC, Rapid resolution liquid chromatography; HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; ESI, electrospray ionisation; TOF-MS, time-of-flight mass spectrometry; HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography.