Table 3.

Some common carotenoids present in flowers.

Carotenoids	Edible Flowers
Antheraxanthin	Agapanthus africanus [366], Agastache foeniculum, Agastache rugosa [425], Calendula officinalis ‘Alice Orange’ [426], Calendula officinalis ‘Alice Yellow’, Camelia chrysantha [5], Campanula shetleri, Campanula carpatica, Capsicum annuum [366], Celosia cristata [35], Coriandrum sativum, Cuphea hyssopifolia, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Eschscholzia californica, Fuchsia magellanica, Gazania spp. ‘Daybreak Orange’, Gazania spp. ‘Day Break Yellow’, Gentiana lutea [5], Gypsophila paniculate [366], Helianthus annuus ‘Sunrich Orange’ [5], Inula helenium [427], Lantana camara [366], Lilium spp. ‘Connecticut King’ [426], Lilium spp. ‘Montreux’, Lilium spp. ‘Saija’, Lilium tigrinum ‘Red Night’, Lily Connecticut king, Lotus japonicus [5], Malvaviscus arboreus [366], Mimulus lewisii, Minulus cupreus, Mimulus cardinalis, Minulus verbenacreus, Minulus guttatus, Minulus kelloggil, Mimulus jungermannioides [428], Momordica charantia, Narcissus poeticus ‘Florex Gold’ [5], Nicotiana glauca [5], Passiflora × belotti [366], Petunia × hybrida [429], Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Portulaca oleracea, Rosa × hybrida [366], Scaevola aemula, Solanum laxum [366], Tagetes erecta orange [430], Tagetes patula ‘Safari Tangerine’ [5], Tecoma capensis [366], Tropaeolum majus, Verbena × hybrid, Viola tricolour [5], and Viola witrockiana ‘Pansy’ [307].
Astaxanthin	Adonis aestivalis, Adonis annua, Gazania rigens, Gerbera jamesonii yellow, orange and red, Hieracium aurantiacum, Hieracum pilosella, Hypochoeris radicata, transgenic Lotus japonicus, Senecio scandens, Tagetes erecta yellow and orange [430], Tagetes patula [130].
Capsanthin	Asiatic hybrid Lily, Lilium spp. ‘Saija’, Lilium spp. ‘Red Night’, Tiger Lily [5].
α-Carotene	Acnutea ageratum, Agastache foeniculum, Agastache rugosa [425], Bidens ferulaefolia, Calendula officinalis, ‘Alice Orange’ and ‘Alice Yellow’ [5], Chrysanthemum carinatum, Chrysanthemum segetum, Coreopsis grandiflora, Coreopsis tinctoria, Coreopsis verticillate, Cosmidium brunette, Begonia argentea, twenty-three Dendranthema grandiflorum [110], Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, Helianthus decapitatis var. Loddon Gold, Helichrysum bracteatum, Hypericum perforatum [5], Hypochoeris radicata, Lantana camara [5,366], Lavandula angustifolia [366], Layia elegans, Layia platyglossa, Momordica charantia, Osmanthus Chenghong Dangui, Osmanthus fragrans [5], Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yanhong Gui’ [431], Passiflora × belotti, Renealmia Alpinia [366], Rhododendron mole [432], Rudbeckia speciosum, Santolinas teretifolia, Santolinas viridis, Spathiphyllum montanum [366], Senecio scandens, Solidago sp., Tagetes erecta yellow and orange [430], Tagete patula [130], Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Tragopogon pratensis, Tropaeolum majus [5], Ursinia calenduliflora, Venidium decurrens, Zinnia elegans [433], Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow’ [433].
β-Cryptoxanthin	Camelia chrysantha [426], Canna indica [5], Cosmos bipinnatus, twenty-three Dendranthema grandiflorum [110], Eschscholzia California, Gentiana lutea [5], Gerbera jamesonii yellow, orange, and red, Hemerocallis disticha [5], Hieracium aurantiacum, Ipomoea sp. [5], Ipomoea obscura, Ipomoea nil, Lantana camara [5,366], Melampodium divaricatum, Mimulus tigrinus [5], Momordica charantia, Narcissus pseudonarcissus ‘King Alfred’, Nicotiana glauca, Pyrostegia venusta, Sandersonia aurantiaca, Tabebula chrysantha [5], Tagetes erecta, Tagetes erecta yellow and orange [430], Tagetes patula [130], Tecoma capensis [214], Tropaeolum majus [5], Zinnia elegans [214], Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow’ [433].
Β-Carotene	Adonis aestivalis, Agastache foeniculum, Agastache rugosa [425], Agastache anisate [214], Aglaonema commutatum, Allium schoenoprasum, Alyssum montanum [366], Antirrhinum majus ‘Snapdragon’ [307], Anthurium andreanum [214,366], Allamanda cathartica [5], Begonia argentea, Begonia cavaleriei [366], Borago officinalis [434], Boronia megastigma, Brassica oleraceae, Brownea macrophylla [366], nine Calendula officinalis [426], Calendula officinalis ‘Alice Orange’ [5], Calibrachoa ‘Million Bells Yellow’ [5], Camelia chrysantha [426], Campanula carpatica [366], Canna indica, Cannabis sativa, Capparis spinosa, Capsicum annuum [366], Carica papaya, Celosia argentea, Celosia cristata [366], Centaurea cyanus, Chlorophytum comossum, Coriandrum sativum [366], Cosmos bipinnatus, Multiflora chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium [426], Crocus sativus, Cucurbita maxima, Cucumis sativus var. Anguria, Cuphea hyssopifolia [214,366], Cyclamen hederifolium, Cyclamen mirabile, Cyclamen persicum, Dahlia pinnata [366], twenty-three Dendranthema grandiflorum [110], Dianthus caryophyllus, Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Drymonia affinis [366], Ethlingera elatior, Eustoma grandiflorum ‘Azuma-no-yuki’ and ‘Halley Lime’, Gazania × hybrida [5], Gentiana lutea [5], Gerbera jamesonii yellow and orange [5], Guzmania hybrid, Gypsophila paniculate [214], Heliotropium peruvianum [366], Hemerocallis disticha, Hibiscus sabdariffa [435], Hieracium aurantiacum, Hieracium pilosella, Hypochoeris radicata, Hypericum perforatum, Ipomoea sp., Ipomoea obscura [5], Ipomoea nil, Inula helenium [427], Ipomoea obscura, Lagerstroemia indica [366], Lantana camara [5,366], Lavandula angustifolia [214,366], Lilium spp., Lilium spp. ‘Conneticut King’ [426], Lilium spp. ‘Montreux’, Limonium sinuatum [366], Lycium barbarum, Lycoris radiata, Lotus japonicus, Melampodium divaricatum, Mentha × piperita [366], Mentha suaveolens [366], Mimulus cupreus, Mimulus trigrinus [5], Momordica charantia, Narcissus poeticus, ‘Scarlet Elegance’, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, ‘King Alfred’; Nelumbo lutea. ‘American Yellow’, Nicotiana glauca [5], Nicotiana tabacum [432], Ocimun basilicum [366], Osmanthus, Osmanthus fragrans [5], Osmanthus fragans ‘Yanhong Gui’ [431], Passiflora × belotti, Phalaenopsis aphrodite [214,366], Petunia × hybrida [5,366], Portulaca oleracea [366], Pyrostegia venusta [5], Punica granatum [214,366], Renealmia alpinia [366], Rhododendron mole [432], Rosa hybrida [214,436], Rosa hybrida ‘Alister Stella’, Rose ‘American Pillar’, Rose canina, Rose ‘Golden Wings’, Rose moyesii, Rose pomífera, Rose rubrijoli, Rose rubiginosa, Rose ‘Saraband’, Russelia equisetiformis [366], Saccharum edule, Sandersonia aurantiaca, Senna paillosa [366], Senecio scandens, Solanum laxum [366], white Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum rantonnetii [366], Sophora japonica [214], Sphatiphyllum montanum [366], Tagetes erecta yellow and orange [430], Tagetes patula [130], Tobebuia chrysantha, Thumbergia alata [5], and Trifolium hybridum, orange and red Tropaeolum majus [437], Tulipa sp. ‘Golden Harvest’, Verbena × hybrida [214], Viola tricolor, Viola witrockiana ‘Pansy’ [307], Vitex agnus-castus [366], Zinnia elegans, Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow’ [5,433].
Lutein	Agapanthus africanus, Agastache anisate [366], Agastache foeniculum, Agastache rugosa [425], Aglaonema commutatum [366], Allamanda cathartica [5], Allium schoenoprasum [366], Aloysia citrodora, Alyssum montanum, Anthurium andraeanum [366], Antirrhinum majus ‘Snapdragon’ [307], Aphelandra squarrosa, Begonia argentea [366], Begonia × tuberhybrida, Boronia megastigma, Bidens ferulifolia, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Borago officinalis [434], Calendula officinalis ‘Alice Orange’ and ‘Alice Yellow’, Calibrachoa ‘Million Bells Yellow’ [5], Campanula carpatica [366], Campanula shertleri, Cannavis sativa [366], Capparis spinosa, Capsicum annuum [366], Capparis spinose, Canna indica [5], Cannabis sativa, red Catharanthus roseus, Celosia argentea, Celosia cristata [366], Centaurea cyanus, Chlorophytum comossum [366], Chrysanthemum spp., Sunny Orange Chrysanthemum, yellow Paragon Chrysanthemum morifolium [5], Cichorium intybus, Coeopsis grandiflora, Convolvulus scammonia, Coriandrum sativum [366], Cosmos bipinnatus, Cucumis sativas var. Anguria, Cuphea hyssopifolia [366], Cyclamen hederifolium, Cyclamen mirabile, Cyclamen persicum [438], twenty-three Dahlia pinnata [366], Dendranthema grandiflorum [110], Dianthus caryophyllus, Drymonia affinis [366], Drymonia sp., Escallonia rubra, Euonymus japonicus, Euphorbia milii, Eustoma, Eustoma grandiflorum, Eustoma grandiflorum ‘Azuma-no-yuki’ and ‘Halley Lime’, Fallopia aubertii, Fuchsia magellanica, Gladiolus communis, Gazania spp., ‘Day Break Yellow’ [5], Gentiana lutea [426], Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dancer’ [5], Gladiolus communis, Gossypium arboreum, Guzmania hybrid, Gypsophila paniculates [366], Helianthus annuus, Helianthus annuus ‘Sunrich Orange’ [5], Heliotropium peruvianum [366], Hemerocallis disticha [5], Hibiscus sabdariffa [435], Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea petiolaris, Impatiens balsamina, Impatiens walleriana, Inulina helenium [427], Ipomoea sp., Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea obscura [5], Ixora coccinea, Jasminum sambac, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lagerstroemia indica [366], Lantana camara, Lavandula angustifolia [366], Lilium spp. [5], Lily connecticut, Lilium spp. ‘Cocceticut King’ [426], Lilium spp. ‘Montreux [5]‘, Lycoris radiata, Lotus japonicus, Malvaviscus arboreun, Mattiola incana, Melampodium divaricatum, Mentha × piperita, Mentha suaveolens [366], Mirabilis jalapa, Momordica charantia, Narcissus poeticus ‘Scarlet Elegance’, Narcissus pseudonarcissus ‘King Alfred’, Narcissus pseudonarcissus [5], Nerium oleander, Nelumbo lutea, ‘American Yellow’, Nicotiana glauca [5], Nicotiana tabacum [432], Ocimun basilicum [366], Osmanthus jingui, Osteospermum ecklonis ‘Jury’, Osteospermun fruticosum, Papaver rhoeas, Passiflora × belotti [366], Pelargonium × domesticum, Pelargonium × hortorum, Pelargonium peltatum, Petunia × hybrida [5,366], Phalaenopsis aphrodite [366], Pterocaya stenoptera, Petunia × hybrida [429], Plantago major, Polygala vulgaris, Punica grantum, Purtulaca oleracea [366], Pyrostegia venusta [5], Rhododendron mole [432], Rhododendron simsii, Rosa hybrida [366], Rose ‘American Pillar’, Rose ‘Golden Wings’, Rose moyesii, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubiaceae warszewiczia, Russelia equisetiformis [366], Saintpaulia ionantha, Salvia splendens, Saponaria officinalis, Scaevola aemula, Senna alexandrina, Senna papillosa, Solanum laxum [366], Solanum lycopersicum ‘M82’ [5], Sophora japónica, Spathiphyllum montanum [366], Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum rantonnetii [366], Tabebuia chrysantha, Tagetes erecta [5], Lady Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula [430], Tagetes patula ‘Safari Tangerine’ [5], Tecoma capensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Theretia peruviana, Thumbergia alata [5], Trachelospermum jasminoides, Trifolium cernnum, Trifolium hybridum, Tropaeolum majus [437], Tulipa sp. ‘Golden Harvest’ [5], Verbena × hybrida [366], Viola tricolor, Viola witrockiana ‘Pansy’ [307], Vitex agnus-costus [366], Warszewiczia coccinea, Wuonymus japonicus, Wuphorbia milii, Zantedeschia hybrid ‘Florex Gold’, Zinnia elegans [433], Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Coral’, Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow ‘ [433].
Lutein epoxide	Aglaonema commutatum [366], Anthemis tinctoria, Calendula officinalis, ‘Alice Orange’ and ‘Alice Yellow’ [5], Capsicum annuum [366], Chrysanthemum spp, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Multiplora chrysanthemum, Sunny Orange Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, ‘Sunny Orange’ [5], Convolvulus scammonia, Cuphea hyssopifolia [366], Gazania spp. ‘Daybreak Orange’ [5], Guzmania hybrid [366], Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Gazania spp. ‘Day Break Yellow’, Hemerocallis disticha, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus syriacus, Impatiens walleriana, Inulina helenium [427], Lantana camara [366], Malvaviscus arboreus, Mentha × piperita, Mentha suaveolens [366], Narcissus poeticus ‘Scarlet Elegance’, Narcissus pseudonarcissus ‘King Alfred’, Ocimun basillicum, Phalaenopsis Aphrodite [366], Pterocaya stenoptera, Russelia equisetiformis [366], Scaevola aemula, Solanum laxum [366], Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum rantonnetii [366], Taraxacum officinalis, Tecoma capensis, and Tulipa sp. ‘Golden Harvest’.
Lycopene	Calendula officinalis ‘Alice Orange’ and ‘Alice Yellow’ [5], Begonia cavaleriei, Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, Gardenia jasminoide, Gazania spp. [5], Gazania rigens, Osteospermum ecklonis [5], Rose ‘American Pillar’, Rose canina, Rose moyesii, Rose pomífera, Rose rubrijoli, Rose rubiginosa, and Tagetes erecta.
Neoxanthin	Allamanda cathartica, Brassica napus [5], Capparis spinosa, Cosmos bipinnatus, Cyclamen hederifolium, Cyclamen mirabile, Cyclamen persicum [438], Eschscholzia California, Eustoma, Gentiana lutea [5], Gerbera jamesonii, Hemerocallis disticha [5], Hypericum perforatum, Ipomoea sp., Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea obscura, Lilium tigrinum ‘Red Night’, Lotus japonicus [5], Melampodium divaricatum, Mimulus lewisii, Mimulus cupreus, Mimulus cardianlis, Mimulus verbenaceus, Mimulus bigelovii, Mimulus bicolour, Mimulus torreyvi, Mimulus guttatus, Mimulus kelloggii, Mimulus jungermannioides [428], Nelumbo lutea ‘American Yellow’, Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’, Pyrostegia venusta, wild, old-gold [5], tangerine and yellow Solanum lycopersicum, Tabebuia chrysantha [5], Tagetes erecta ‘Orange Isis’, Theretia peruviana, Zinnia elegans [433], Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow’ [433].
Phytoene	Begonia × semperflorens, Dianthus chinensis, Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, Gardenia jasminides, Gazania rigens, Guzmania hybrid [366], Hieracium aurantiacum, Impatiens balsamina, Lagerstroemia indica, Lantana camara yellow, red, and white [366], Lavandula angustifolia [366], Magnolia grandiflora, Osteospermun fruticosum, Punica granatum, Rosa × hybrida, pink and white [366], tangerine Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum rantonnetii [366], Tagetes erecta yellow and orange [430], Tagetes patula [130], Trifolium cernuum, Zinnia elegans [433], Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow’ [433].
Violaxanthin	Agastache foeniculum, Agastache rugosa [425], Aglaonema commutatum [366], Allamanda cathartica, Allium schoenoprasum, Alyssum montanum [366], Anthemis tinctoria, Aphelandra squarrosa, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Brassica napus, Camelia chrysantha [426], yellow and orange Canna indica, Capparis spinosa, Capsicum annuum [366], Celosia cristata [35], Sunny Orange Chrysanthemum, Multiflora chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, ‘Sunny Orange’ [5], Cosmos bipinnatus, Cyclamen hederifolium, Cyclamen mirabile, Cyclamen persicum [438], Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Drymonia spp., Drymonia affinis [366], Eustoma grandiflorum ‘Azuma-no-yuki’ and ‘Halley Lime’, Dianthus caryophyllus, Gentiana lutea, Gazania spp. ‘Daybreak Orange’, Gazania spp. ‘Day Break Yellow’, [5] Helianthus annuus ‘Sunrich Orange’ [5], Hemerocallis disticha, Hypericum perforatum, Ipomea sp., Ipomea nil, Ipomoea obscura [5], Justicia aurea, red Lantana camara [366], Lilium spp., Lotus japonicus, yellow Lathyrus aphaca, Lilium spp. ‘Conneticut King’ [426], Lilium spp. ‘Montreux’, Melampodium divaricatum, Mentha × piperita, Mentha suaveolens [366], Mimulus lewisii, Mimulus cupreus, Minulus cardinalis, Mimulus whitneyi, Mimulus verbenaceus, Mimulus bigelovii, Mimulus bicolor, Mimulus torreyl, Mimulus guttatus, Mimulus jungermaniodes [428], Nelumbo lutea ‘American Yellow’, Nicotiana glauca [5], Ocimun basilicum [366], Omcidium ‘Gower Ramsey’, Plantago major, Pterocaya stenoptera, Pyrostegia venusta [5], Senna papillosa [366], yellow Solanum lycopersicum [5], wild, old-gold, and tangerine Rosa hybrida, ‘Star of Persia’, Scaevola aemula, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum rantonnetii [366], Spathiphyllum montanum [366], Tabebuia chrysantha [5], Tagetes erecta ‘Orange Isis’, Gerbera jamesonii, Tagetes patula ‘Safari Tangerine’ [5], Theretia peruviana, Thumbergia alata, Tropaeolum majus, Verbena × hybrida [366], Viola tricolor, Viola wittrockiana [307], Zinnia elegans [5], Warszewiczia coccinea, Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Coral’, ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow’ [433].
Zeaxanthin	Agastache foeniculum, Agastache rugosa [425], Allamanda cathartica [5], Antirrhinum majus ‘Snapdragon’ [307], Brassica oleraceae, Canna indica [5], Cosmos bipinnatus, Cucurbita maxima, Crocus sativus, Cucumis sativus var. Anguria, twenty-three Dendranthema grandiflorum [110], Dianthus caryophyllus, Eustoma [5], Gaillardia × grandiflora, Gazania spp. ‘Daybreak Orange’, Gazania spp. ‘Day Break Yellow [5]‘, Gazania × hybrida, Gentiana lutea [5], Gerbera jamesonii, Helianthus annuus, ‘Sunrich Orange’, Hemerocallis disticha [5], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hypericum perforatum, Ipomoea sp. [5], Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea obscura [5], Lantana camara [366], Lycium barbarum, Lycoris radiata, Melampodium divaricatum, Momordica charantia, Narcissus poeticus ‘Scarlet Elegance’, Narcissus pseudonarcissus ‘King Alfred’ [5], Nicotiana tabacum [432], Petunia × hybrida, Pyrostegia venusta [5], Rhododendron mole [432], Rose moyesii, Rose pomífera, Sandersonia aurantiaca [5], Senecio scanders, high-pigment 3 (hp3), Solanum lycopersicum, Tabebuia chrysantha [5], Tagetes erecta [430], Tagetes patula ‘Safari Tangerine’, Theretia peruviana, Tropaeolum majus [5], Viola witrockiana ‘Pansy’ [307], Zinnia elegans [433], Zinnia elegans ‘Dreamland Coral’ [5], ‘Dreamland Red’, and ‘Dreamland Yellow’ [433].